Flashcards
Developmental Psychology
Cards in this deck (47)
- 1What was the aim of Samuel and Bryant's study?To challenge Piaget's theory by altering the method used by Piaget.
- 2Who were the participants in Samuel and Bryant's study?252 boys and girls from a variety of Devon schools and pre-schools.
- 3How were Samuel and Bryant's participants divided?They were placed in 4 age controlled groups, 63 in each; a mean age of 5 years 3 months, 6 years 3 months, 7 years 3 months and 8 years 3 months.
Each of these groups were divided into 3 subgroups to match the experimental conditions; standard, one-judgment and fixed array. - 4What were the 3 experimental conditions for Samuel and Bryant's study?Standard - using the pre and post transformation questions, as Piaget did.
One - Judgement - the question was only asked after the transformation.
Fixed-Array (control) - The children only saw the objects after they had been transformed. - 5How many tasks did each child do in Samuel and Bryant's study?Each child carried out three different conservation tasks using different materials; counters for number, plasticine for mass, and liquid for volume. They had four trials of each material, making a total of 12 trials for each child.
- 6What were the independent variables for Samuel and Bryant's study?Age, Experimental condition, and the material used.
- 7How were the findings recorded in Samuel and Bryant's study?The findings were recorded as the number of errors made during the conservation tasks. The mean number of errors for each group was calculated (out of 12).
- 8What finding show that conservation gets better with age in Samuel and Bryant's study?The mean number of errors made for the 5 years and 3 months group for the one judgement condition was 7.3 compared to 1.3 from the 8 years and 3 months group.
- 9What was the mean number of errors for each of the experimental conditions in Samuel and Bryant's 5 years 3 months group?Standard (8.5)
One-Judgement (7.3)
Fixed-array (8.6) - 10What were the findings for the materials used in Samuel and Bryant's study?When asked a one judgment question, questions on number has a mean error of 1.0, mass had 1.2, and volume has 1.6.
- 11How do Samuel and Bryant disprove Piaget's age predictions for conservation?Children conserved younger than Piaget predicted; he said that children could not conserve until the concrete operational stage (starting at 7), however the children in the experiment were making an average of 4.3 errors in the 6 years 3 months group (one judgment condition).
- 12Why were the results different when asked the standard question used by Piaget in Samuel and Bryant's study?Due to the demand characteristics of asking two questions, as the children may think the researcher expects a different response the second time.
- 13What was the aim of Bandura's study?To investigate the mechanisms of Social Learning Theory.
- 14What were the hypotheses set up for Bandura's study?1. Children observing aggressive role models will produce more imitative acts.
2. Children who observe a non-aggressive model, or no model, will inhibit aggressive behavior, observing an aggressive model will cause an increase in general aggressive behavior.
3. Children will imitate same-sex models more than opposite sex models.
4. Boys will be more likely to imitate aggressive behavior than girls. - 15Who were the participants for Bandura's study?72 children (36 male and 36 female) who attended Stanford University nursery school, their ages ranged from 37 - 69 months.
- 16Why was Bandura's study a matched pairs design?The children were matched on aggression and divided into 3 groups (24 in each); aggressive role model, non-aggressive role model, and no role model. The aggression was given on a 5 point rating scale by the experimenter and nursery teacher.
- 17How were the experimental groups further divided in Bandura's study?Each experimental group was divided into 4 (6 in each condition);
6 boys with same-sex models
6 boys with opposite models
6 girls with same-sex models
6 girls with opposite models - 18What was the high interest task in Stage 1 of Bandura's study and what was it designed to do?They were seated at a table and encouraged to make a picture with stickers and potato prints.
This was designed to settle them. - 19What was Stage 1 of Bandura's procedure?Modelling
- 20What happened in Stage 1 of Bandura's study for the aggressive condition?The model played quietly for a minute then began a series of planned aggressive acts towards the Bobo doll. These included physical (pushing, kicking, throwing and hitting) and verbal (sock him in the nose, hit him down, pow) aggression. After ten minutes the experimenter returned and told the child whey would be going to another games room.
- 21What happened in Stage 1 of Bandura's study for the non-aggressive condition?The model played in a subdued manner and ignored the Bobo doll.
- 22What was Stage 2 of Bandura's procedure?Aggression Arousal
- 23Why was Stage 2 of Bandura's procedure used?To give the child a desire to be aggressive, as if they did not no aggressive behavior could be recordered.
- 24What happened in Stage 2 of Bandura's procedure?The children were taken to another room and allowed to play with some attractive toys (a colorful spinning top, planes and cars). After 2 minutes the experimenter claimed they were special toys for other children and could not be played with, however they could play with some other toys in a different room.
- 25What was stage 2 of Bandura's procedure?A test for delayed imitation.
- 26What happened in stage 3 of Bandura's procedure?The child was taken to a room containing a variety of toys; some aggressive (mallet, dart gun, 0.9 meter Bobo) and some non-aggressive (tea set, crayons and paper, plastic animals). The experimenter stayed in the room and did paperwork while the children were observed through a one-way mirror.
- 27Who observed the children in Bandura's study and how?Another researcher observed the children without knowing which condition the child came from. The observer recorded the child's behavior every 5 seconds for a period of play that lasted 20 minutes (time sampling).
- 28What were the three types of aggressive behavior the observer recorded in Bandura's study?Imitative - physical or verbal responses carried out by models.
Partially imitative - similar but not identical to the model.
New - not related to the model's acts. - 29What were Bandura's findings?The aggressive model condition made far more imitative aggressive responses.
There was more partial and new aggression in the aggressive model condition.
The non-aggressive condition showed fewer aggressive acts.
Boys were more likely to imitate same-sex models than girls.
Boys imitated more physical acts than girls. - 30What did Bandura conclude?New behaviors are not learnt as a result of rewards and punishments (behaviorists). In this study new aggressive behaviors have been transmitted from one situation to another. When children observe adult models being aggressive, it has the effect of legitimizing such behavior, therefore weakening the child's hesitance to aggressive behavior.
- 31What are Freud's psycho-sexual stages of development?Oral - pleasure from the mouth, sucking dummies.
Anal - pleasure from the anus, experiencing control when retaining or expelling their faeces.
Phallic - become aware of their genitals and sexual differences (when the Oedipus Complex occurs).
Latent - little or no sexual motivation.
Genital - sexual interests occur and establishments of mature sexual relationships. - 32What is the Oedipus complex?The belief that children develop sexual desires for the opposite gender parent, while at the same time being fearful of and wishing to remove the parent of the same gender.
- 33What was the aim of Freud's study?To understand and treat Little Hans' phobias and to monitor the development of a child as evidence of the Oedipus complex.
- 34How did Freud collect his data?Hans' father, a follower of Freud, would record conversations and observations of Little Hans and send them to Freud for analysis.
- 35What is the evidence that Hans was in the phallic stage of psycho sexual development during the time of Freud's study?Just before 3, his father noted he took interest in his penis, referred to as a widdler.
He asked if his mother 'got a widdler too'. He drew pictures highlighting interest in this region (cows with udders, water being let out an engine).
He referred to the size of animal's penises at the zoo. - 36What was Hans' attitude towards his sister, Hanna, and how does it support the Oedipus complex?He said 'But I don't want a baby sister!' He is concerned about her receiving a lot of attention from his mother.
- 37How did Hans' actions towards his father returning from work at the weekend support the Oedipus complex?While his father was away he spend much time alone with his mother, often sharing the bed when anxious. When his father returned he both thumped and kissed his father, showing the confusion between a desire to see his father gone and being pleased to see him.
- 38How did Freud link Hans' phobia of horses to his castration anxiety?Hans witnessed a father warning his child not to touch a white horse encase it bit her. Hans' sexual feelings caused a castration anxiety. He was told touching a horse was wrong as it could bite. His defense mechanisms displaced the desire to touch his penis into a fear of horses.
- 39How did Freud link Hans' phobia of horses to a fear of his father?Hans' was particularly scared of white horses that wore blinkers and had black around their mouths. This looked like a mature man with a mustache (black mouth) and glasses (blinkers). His fear was displaced onto a horse, as it was easier to show fearful and murderous feelings to a horse than his own father. Once made aware of this association, his fear subdued.
- 40Give an example of a leading question used by Freud in his conversation with Hans'."When the horse fell down, did you think of Daddy?"
- 41How did Freud analyse Han's phobia of baths?Hans said 'I'm afraid of her letting go and my head going in', showing a fear of loosing affections with his mother. His father asked 'Perhaps you wished she would let go of Hanna so she falls in?' and Hans agreed. This shows Hans' desire for his sister to be gone, he knows this is not right and so reflects the feeling onto a phobia of baths.
- 42What was Little Hans' giraffe dream?In the night there was a 'big giraffe' and a 'crumpled' one. The big one 'called out' because Hans took the crumpled one away. It stopped calling out and Hans sat on the crumpled one.
- 43How was Hans' giraffe dream interpreted?The big giraffe represented his father and the crumpled one his mother. The scene was a replay of what usually happened in the mornings - Hans came into their bed, his father didn't allow it (called out) but his mother did, so he stayed a while (sat on the crumpled one).
- 44What did Hans' dreams about doing forbidden things with his father mean?He dreamt that him and his father were in a train, smashed a window and were taken away by a policeman. This represented wishing to do something forbidden with his mother which his father was also doing.
- 45What was Hans' plummer fantasy and what did it mean?He said 'I was in the bath and then the plummer came and unscrewed it. Then he took a big borer and stuck it in my stomach'. This represents his father pushing him away with his big penis when he is in bed with his mother. He said 'The plumber came and took away my behind and then gave me another, then the same with my widdler'. Presumably they were bigger, showing Hans identifying with his father by wanting to be like him, being more conscious of his feelings and resolving them.
- 46What was Hans' fantasy about 'Becoming the Daddy' and what did it mean?An ongoing fantasy about his own children. His father asked 'are your children still alive?' Hans said boys couldn't have children, he had been their mummy but now he was their daddy and Hans father was the Granddaddy. This is a solution where his father was still part of the family and both were married to Han's mother. He had overcome the Oedipus Complex.
- 47What did Freud conclude?He confirmed his theory of infant sexuality and proved a theory for the development of phobic behavior. He also confirmed the Oedipus Complex.
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- AS - Level Psychology Flashcards on Developmental Psychology, created by Beckie Vautier on 10/04/2016.
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- Beckie Vautier
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