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Description
Flashcards by emma_moran, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by emma_moran
about 10 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| What is the apical surface of the epithelium? | The surface exposed to a body cavity, lining an organ or exposed to an exterior and can contain microvilli or cilia. |
| What is the basal surface of the epithelium? | The surface attached to a basement membrane secreted by the cells and adheres the tissue firmly to nearby connective tissue. |
| What are the different types of epithelial tissue layers called? | Simple epithelium, stratified epithelium and pseudostratified epithelium |
| What is the structure of simple epithelium? | Single layer allowing diffusion, osmosis, filtration, secretion and absorption to take place |
| What is the structure of stratified epithelium? | Multiple layers of cells, protecting deeper layers from wear and tear. |
| What is the structure of pseudostratified epithelium? | Single layer of cells that appear to consist of multiple layers as they have nuclei at different levels. |
| What are the different epithelial cell shapes? | Squamous, cuboidal, columnar and transitional |
| What are squamous epithelial cells? | Flat cells with oval nuclei |
| What are cuboidal epithelial cells? | Cube like cells with a central nuclei |
| What are columnar epithelial cells? | Column shaped cells with variable nuclei |
| What are transitional epithelial cells? | Variable shaped cells |
| How do you classify epithelia? | 1: The type of layers (simple, stratified or pseudostratified) 2: The cell shape (squamous, cuboidal, columnar or transitional) |
| How do you name multilayered epithelia? | Named after top layer |
| What is simple squamous epithelia adapted for? | Diffusion, osmosis and similar process requiring a minimal barrier |
| Where is simple squamous epithelia found? | It lines the capillaries and blood vessels, lymph vessels and alveoli |
| What is simple cuboidal epithelia adapted for? | Absorption, secretion and protection |
| Where is simple cuboidal epithelia found? | It lines parts of the kidney tubules, ducts of many glands and part of the ovary. |
| What are non-ciliated simple columnar epithelia adapted for? | Adapted for absorption and secretion |
| What can non-ciliated simple columnar epithelia contain? | Microvilli and goblet cells that produce mucus |
| Where can non-ciliated simple columnar epithelial be found? | Lines the digestive tract, gallbladder and large ducts of glands |
| What are ciliated simple columnar epithelia adapted for? | The movement of substances across the epithelial surfaces |
| What do ciliated simple columnar epithelia possess? | Apical cilia |
| Where can ciliated epithelia be found? | Uterus, bronchi and paranasal sinuses |
| Do non ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelia contain goblet cells? | No |
| Can ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelia contain goblet cells? | Yes they can |
| Where can non-ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelia be found? | It is rare but it is found in parts of the male urethra |
| Where can ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelia be found? | Line most of the trachea, primary bronchi, parts of the male reproductive and urinary tract, nasal cavity and large excretory ducts |
| What is the role of stratified squamous epithelia? | Protects against abrasion |
| What are the two different types of stratified squamous epithelia? | Non keratinised and keratinised |
| Where can non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelia be found? | Lines the mouth, vagina and anus |
| What are keratinocyte cells? | Cells in which keratin is produced |
| What is the process of keratinisation? | As the cells traverse the layers, they fill with keratin, become squamous and anucleate and eventually die as they reach top layer |
| What is desquamation? | The process by which keratinised cells slough off |
| What is the role of the keratinised layer? | It provides a waterproof barrier, protecting against abrasion and pathogens |
| What is the role of stratified cuboidal epithelial? | Provides protection |
| Where is stratified cuboidal epithelia found? | Ducts of sweat glands, larger salivary glands and parts of male urethra |
| What is the role of stratified columnar epithelia? | Protective |
| Where is stratified columnar epithelia found? | Salivary glands and male urethra |
| What is the role transitional epithelia? | Able to stretch |
| What prevents transitional epithelia from leaking? | Tight junctions |
| Where is transitional epithelia found? | urinary bladder, ureters and parts of urethra |
| What is a gland? | A single or group of epithelial cells adapted for secretion |
| What do exocrine glands do? | Secrete material directly into ducts or onto apical epithelial surface |
| What are exocrine glands composed of and what do they secrete? | They are composed of glandular epithelia and secrete mucus, sweat, oil, earwax and digestive enzymes |
| What do endocrine glands do? | "ductless glands'" that secrete materials through the basal surface which diffuses through the basement membrane, connective tissue and into the bloodstream (e.g. hormones) |
| What are the two structural classifications of exocrine glands? | Unicellular and multicellular glands |
| What is the structure of unicellular glands? | They have goblet cells but no ducts are involved |
| What is the structure of multicellular glands? | Usually involves ducts |
| What are the different classifications of ducts according to their shape? |
Image:
ducts (image/jpg)
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| What are the different functional classifications of exocrine glands? | Holocrine, merocrine and apocrine |
| What are holocrine glands? | Cell accumulates substance for secretion, dies and discharges its contents (oil in sebaceous glands) |
| What are merocrine glands? | Secretion occurs by exocytosis (sweat glands) |
| What are apocrine glands? | Small pieces of cell containing secretion break off and cell repairs itself |
| Name two types of endocrine release? | Paracrine and autocrine |
| What does paracrine mean? | Neighbouring cells are effected |
| What does autocrine mean? | The same cell is affected |
| What is the structure of connective tissue? | Cells are sparsely distributed within extracellular matrix material produced by connective tissue cells (except for blood matrix) |
| What does the matrix contain? | Fluid, dissolved molecules and protein fibres (e.g. collagen and elastin) |
| What is the structure of collagen and where is it found? | Thick and strong. Found in tendons. |
| What is the structure of elastin and where is it found? | Thin and elastic. Found in skin. |
| What determines the function of connective tissue? | The composition of the matrix |
| What are the four types of connective tissue? | Connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone and blood |
| What are the two types of connective tissue proper? | Loose and fibrous/dense |
| What are the three types of loose tissue? | Areolar (wraps organs), Adipose (fat tissue) and Reticular (supporting framework in liver) |
| What are the three types of fibrous /dense tissue? | Regular (tendons and ligaments), Irregular (heart valves, around cartilage and muscle) and elastic (lungs, walls of arteries, bronchial tubes) |
| What is the structure of muscle tissue? | Rich in overlapping protein filaments known as myosin and actin which are responsible for muscle shortening |
| What is required for muscles to contract? | ATP |
| What are the three types of muscle tissue? | Skeletal, cardiac and smooth |
| What type of movement does skeletal muscle perform? | Voluntary |
| What are skeletal muscle attached to and how are they attached? | They are attached to bones via tendons |
| What is the appearance of skeletal muscle? | Strained in appearance and consists of long cells with many nuclei |
| What type of movement does cardiac muscle perform? | Involuntary |
| What is the appearance of cardiac muscle? | Strained in appearance and consists of branched cells with a single nuclei |
| What is the role of intercalated disks within cardiac muscle? | They electrically couple cells |
| What type of movement does smooth muscle perform? | Involuntary |
| Where is smooth muscle found? | Walls of blood vessels, gastrointestinal tract, uterus and part of the urinary system |
| What is the appearance of smooth muscle? | Lacks striations and spindle shaped cells with single nuclei |
| What are the two main components of nervous tissue? | Neurones and glial cells |
| What is the role of glial cells? | They are protective and supporting |
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