Flashcards
Unit 1 Attachment
Cards in this deck (19)
- 1AO1 Learning TheoryClassical conditioning:
Food (UCS) -> Pleasure (UCR)
Mother (NS) + Food (UCS) -> Pleasure (UCR)
Mother (CS) -> Pleasure (CR)
Dollard and Miller- Operant Conditioning:
Hunger -> discomfort & drive produced.
Fed -> drive is reduced (pleasure)
Food is primary reinforcer.
Feeder is secondary reinforcer and a source of reward.
Child seeks person who supplies reward so attachment is formed. - 2AO2 Learning TheoryHarlow (-) - Lactacting monkey vs contact comfort monkey. Baby spent more time with contact comfort especially when frightened. Suggests that food is not the source of attachment.
Animal studies (-) - Largely based on non- human animals. We are more complex organisms and so may behave differently, lacks validity as it is an oversimplified version of human beh.
Schaffer and Emerson (-) - 60 babies from working glass Glasgow. Infants were most attached to those who were the most responsive and spent more time with them. - 3AO1 Bowlby's TheoryBowlby -
Adaptive: we evolved an innate drive to form attachments.
Social Releasers: certain characteristics that elicit caregiving e.g. baby face.
Critical Period: usually 3-6 month window in which attachments develop.
Monotropy: bias towards primary caregiver. Sensitivity and responsiveness.
Internal Working Model: framework and concepts of what to expect from others - 4AO2 Bowlby's TheoryLorenz (+) - Attachment is innate. Goslings immediately imprinted on him.
Sroufe (+) - Found continuity in infancy to adolescence. Secure -> highest social competence and more popular.
Tronick et al (+) - Efe from Zaire. Infants still slept with mothers at night despite being cared for other women. Supports monotropy aspect, and universality. - 5AO1 Strange Situation ProcedureAinsworth:
Systematic test for attachment for infants in a novel environment. Secure base, stranger anxiety, separation anxiety, reunion behaviour.
Parent + infant play
Parent sits
Stranger in, talk
Parent leaves, stranger offers comfort
Parent returns. Stranger leaves
Parent leaves. Infant alone
Stranger enters offers comfort
Parent returns offers comfort - 6AO1 Types of AttachmentSecure: harmonious and cooperative interactions with caregiver. High exploration, high stranger anxiety, easy to soothe (sep), enthusiastic at reunion. 66%
Insecure-avoidant: High exploration, low stranger anxiety, indifferent (sep), avoids contact at union. 22%
Insecure-resistant: Low exploration, high stranger anxiety, distressed (sep), seeks and rejects contact at union. 12% - 7AO2 Strange SituationAinsworth (+) - High inter-rater reliability between assessors of the infants as they found that there was 0.94 agreement.
Cooper (+) - RWA; Circle of Security. Teaches parents how to be more responsive and to be more empathetic of feelings of anxiousness, as well as recognising signals of distress. 60% to 15% disordered to classified. 32% to 40% secure.
Ethics (-) - Conditions place infants under huge distress during separation which is unethical. However, Ainsworth argued that this isn't any different to ordinary life. - 8AO2 Cultural VariationsRothbaum - Culture bias. Sensitivity has different objectives in the two cultures (US vs Japan). Secure defined as responsive and sensitive (independence) in US but this only reflects Western autonomy. Japan -> sensitivity is promoting dependence.
Rothbaum (-) - Indigenous theories of attachment; explanations rooted in individual cultures rather than generalising one explanation. There may be small universal similarities e.g. protecting young but childcare practices vary in general.
Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg (~) - Similarities found between cultures may be due to the effect of mass media that promotes a certain way of child rearing. Not due to biological influences but increasingly global culture. - 9AO1 Cultural VariationsFox (similarity) - studied infants raised on Israeli Kibbutzim. Mostly cared for metaplot in a communal children's home. Strange situation used, found almost equally attached except from reunion behaviour. Bias towards biological mother, still primary.
Tronick et al (similarity) - Efe from Zaire. Infants still slept with mothers at night despite being cared for other women.
Takahashi (difference) - 60 middle class Japanese infants. Strange situation, found similar rates of secure attachment but insecure-resistant was much more prominent - 32%. So distressed, 90% of trials had to stop during separation. - 10AO1 Disruption of AttachmentRobertson and Robertson -
John: mother had to give birth in hospital so he was placed in a residential nursery. Father regularly visited as often but he wasn't primary caregiver. Seeked attention from nurses but was ignored, so resorted to teddy bear. After 9 days, mother returned and he displayed insecure-resistant behaviours for many months after.
Jane - Placed in foster care with the Robertsons. Had adequate substitute care and formed good emotional bonds with foster mother. However, showed some aggressive behaviour at home. Can be reduced but not prevented. - 11AO2 Disruption of AttachmentBohman and Sigvardsson (+) - 600+ adopted children in Sweden. 20% classed as problem children. Ten years later, none were any worse off than rest of population. Suggests ill effects can be reversed.
Real world application (+) - Applied in hospitals. 1952 - 25% allowed daily visiting 12% prohibited altogether.
Validity (-) - All the children were British and from middle-class families. May not be generalisable to all other children e.g. some may be used to separation and may not respond as severely. - 12AO1 PrivationHodges and Tizard - 65 ppts infancy to adolescence. Placed in institution before 4 months old, hadn't formed attachments. Staff under explicit instructions not to form them. 70% 'not able to care deeply about anyone'. Most if not all experienced early privation. Assessed up to 16. Some were either restored to original families, adopted or remained. Found that those adopted were as closely attached to parents as control, 'restored' less likely. Both likely to be bullies, less likely to be liked and to have a special friend.
- 13AO2 PrivationQuinton et al (+) - Supports the idea that privation provides ill effects. Group of ex-institutional women had extreme difficulties acting as parents.
Privation or rejection? (-) - Cannot determine whether or not they had formed attachments or not. Ill effects may have been to feelings of rejection instead.
Koluchová (-) - Case study of Czech twins. Locked up by stepmother. 'First discovered', cannot talk. Cared for by two loving sisters and 14: near normal intellectual and social functioning. 20: above average intelligence and had excellent relationships. - 14AO1 AggressionNICHD - Longitudinal study of 1000 children in America investigating many aspects on child development. Assessed at regular intervals and at age 5, the more time spent in daycare of any quality, the more adults rated them as assertive, disobedient and aggressive. Also 3x behaviour problems.
- 15AO2 AggressionLack of causal relationship (-) - Data cannot show that daycare caused aggression. Only shows a link.
Prodromidis (-) - Studied Swedish first-borns. Childcare arrangements not associated with aggression.
NICHD (-) - Mothers sensitivity better indicator of reported problem behaviours. Suggest aggression more affected by factors at home not daycare. - 16AO1 Peer RelationsSroufe - Found secure -> highest social competence and more popular. If in daycare, more likely to have insecure attachment type, and so be less socially competent.
Field - Time spent at daycare positively correlated to number of friends they had when they started school. Could be due to social strategies that they develop. - 17AO2 Peer RelationsPennbaker (-) - Individual differences: e.g. children who have a shy nature may find it quite frightening.
- 18Influence of Attachment ResearchCaring for children in hospital - Parents and family able to visit more often because of such research.
Adoption - most babies are adopted within the first week of birth, they are just as likely to be securely attached.
Improving quality of parenting - Circle of security. - 19Influence of Day Care ResearchSoho Family Centre - Based on such research e.g. they have a 3:1 child to staff ratio which is the optimal. Provides high-quality and sensitive care.
Qualified and experienced staff - Better qualified the better outcome in terms of social development of the children.
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- A-Level Psychology (Attachment) Flashcards on Unit 1 Attachment, created by scribble.pad on 14/05/2016.
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