Flashcards
1_Medicine Through time
Cards in this deck (138)
- 1Medicine through Time History...
- 2What did the Greeks believed caused diesease?-The imbalance of the Four Humours
-The gods - 3How did the Greeks deal with disease?-They attempted to balance the four humours, this may have involved blood letting and purging
-They visited an Asclepion - 4What were Asclepious' daughters called?Panacea and Hygieia
- 5What did Hipporates come up with?The theory of the Four Humours and Clinical diagnosis
- 6What were the stages of Clinical diagnosisDiagnosis --> Prognosis --> Observation --> Treatment
- 7Why did the Romans invent Public health?-They needed healthy soldiers to control the Empire
-Healthy workers and Merchants were also needed to keep the Empire prosperous - 8Name 6 different features of Roman Public Health-Aqueducts
-Reservoir
-Sewers
-Public Latrines
-Public fountains
-Bath-houses - 9What was Britain like before the Romans invaded?-There were no towns
-Britons often lived in roundhouses
-Hygiene was not a priority - 10When was the Roman invasion?AD43
- 11Did Galen deserve his reputation?Some may say yes because: -He was a skilled doctor
-He could prove his theories
-He developed old ideas
-He used knowledge of other cultures
-He wrote over 60 books - 12Who was more important in the history of Medicine: Galen or Hippocrates?See below
- 13...HippocratesHippocrates: -Created many ideas that were believed for a long time e.g. The Theory of the Four Humours
-Created a new way of treating patients which is still used today (Clinical Diagnosis) - 14...Galen-Devolped on old ideas and came up with new ones e.g Theory of four Humours to the Teory of Opposites
-Disscoverd that the brain controls the body not the Heart - 15When was the Medieval period?500AD-1500
- 16What three tribes invaded Roman Britain?-Angles
-Jutes
-Saxons - 17What was the Medieval public health like? Why?-It began to deteriorate
-The invaders did not have the skill to fix the broken down buildings
-They also concentrated on wars so they built temporary buildings from wood - 18What were the beliefs of the cause of disease in Medieval London?-The theory of the four humours
-Miasma
-Astrology
-Jews - 19What were the main treatments of disease in the Medieval period?-Herbs and remedies
-Balancing the four humours
-Praying to a God (Christianity) - 20How was the public health like in the Medieval period?-Streams and lakes provided drinking water (No aqueducts)
-Wells provided drinking water (No public fountains)
-Cesspools were used (No public latrines or good sewage system - 21Why were people still reading Galen in 1350?-Nobody could test or challange against him.
-He had scientific evidence
-Most of the other knowledge was destroy when the Empire collapsed
-Communication between doctors was very limited
-The Church believed that Galens work fitted in tith Christian ideas - 22How did the Church have such a big impact on the development of medicine?-The Church controlled education
-It told people how to behave
-Universities were set up by the Church and students were trained about what the Church wanted them to believe. - 23Why was there medical stagnation in the medieval period?-Loss of medical knowledge
- Emphasis on authority rather than observation and investigation
-Lack of resources and skill to rebuild Public health
-Socially stagnant: no comunication - 24How did the Church help the development of medicine?-Set up medical schools and trained doctors e.g in Paris
-Churches and monasteries looked after the sick
-Cathedrals and monatries had clean water
-The Church set up the first hospitals (St Barts in 1123) - 25In what ways did the Church hinder the development of medicine, during the Medieval period?-Doctors were only trained using Galen's ideas (experiments were only done to prove Galen's theories)
-Dissection was banned by the Church until the 14th Century because people could potentially find new ideas
-People were severely punished for going against the Church's ways
-There was an over emphasis on Religious based cures instead of scientfic - 26When was the Black Death?1348-1350
- 27What can we learn about Medieval beliefs about the causes of disease from the Black Death?-Many beliefs were very superstitious. e.g. -The wrath of God
Astrology and the atmosphere
Evil humours - 28What can we learn about the cures of disease believed in the medieval period?They were very superstitious. e.g
-Avoid overeating or overdrinking
-Drinking 10 yr/o treacle
-Flogging to please God
-The King's evil
But also believed in balancing the four humours - 29Name 3 old ideas about the cause of the Black Death-Miasma
-Astrology
-The gods/God - 30Name two new ideas about the cause of the Black DeathQuack doctor theories
Jews - 31Where did the Black death originate from?Asia. It then started to spread across Europe
- 32Name 5 different types of Doctors in the Medieval period.- Trained Physician
-Apothecary
-Barber-surgeon
-Housewife-physician
-Quack doctors - 33How did medieval surgery progress?-Frequent warfare meant that surgeon's skills were in hugh demand
-Surgeons realised that wine could be used as an antiseptic and other natural substances as an anaesthetic.
-This meant that they could perform external as well as internal surgery - 34Give an example of a type of surgical proceedure that may have been carried out in the medieval period.Treaphining; drilling the skull to let the demon out
- 35How dirty was Britain, in the middle ages?They were quite clean, personally:
- They had their own programme for health
-Kings passed laws to keep the streets clean
-Guy de Chauliac realised the importance of a good diet
-Many towns produced quarintine laws and boarded up the houses of infected ones, at the time of the Plauge - 36Describe the knowledge of the time of 500AD-1500-Knowledge went in reverse;
-many Greek and Roman books were destroyed
- Many people became superstitious
-Lectures in Uni became so basic
-The Church banned dissections which lead to numerous errors (Alderotti--> combing the hair "comforts the brain") - 37How did people see the doctors of the Medieval period?"...doctors were useless and indeed shameful as they dared not visit the sick for fear of becoming infected"- Guy de Chauliac
- 38What did doctors usually carry around with them?-The Vadmecum which cotained a urine chart ad some nice smelling items as they believed in the idea of Miasma
- 39What does "Renaissance" mean?The Re-birth
- 40What was there a re-birth in?-Art
-Geography
-Scientific understandings - 41Who was Andreas Vesalius?A professer in Pauda
- 42What were some of Vesalius' achievements?-He had written a book called "on the fabric of the Human body" 1543
-He was able to prove Galen wrong - 43In what ways did Vesalius prove Galen wrong?-He proved that the jaw is only one bone
-Our kidneys are the same height - 44How and why did Vesalius develop opposition?-Many critiscied his books because they found it hard to "accept [that] there were somethings that [Galen] was wrong about"
- 45Who was William Harvey?He was the physician to the English kings (James I & Charles I)
- 46What achievements did Harvey make?-Wrote a book called "On the Motion of the Heart" in 1628
-Able to prove Galen wrong - 47In what ways did Harvey prove Galen wrong?-Proved that the blood circulates and is re-used in the body, not absorbed by the muscles
- 48How and why did people oppose his ideas?-They didn't really care because it "didn't cure disease"
- 49When was the Great Plauge?1665-1666
- 50How many people died (approx.) in the Great plauge?80,000
- 51What were one of the factors that helped the Great Plague to spread?-The fact that houses were so close together
- 52Name two things that the government did during the plague.-Sent out watchmen to keep the sick in their houses and Plague doctors, who cared and recorded the sick
- 53What were the three main beliefs for the cause of the Great Plague?-Miasma
-Cats/Dogs
-Bad quarintine - 54What was the impact of the plague in London?-People became extremely cautious. So much so that they "would not take [the meat] off the butcher's hands but off the hooks themselves." -Defoe 1665
-People fled the town: "all the town almost going out of town" - 55Name three of the governments response, at the time of the plague.-Locked up the sick
-Paid people to record and care for the sick
-Organised public prayers and fasting - 56Name some similarities between the Great Plague and The Black Death.-Many thought caused by cats/dogs
-caused by rats but nobody knew
-Disease spread very quickly
- God and Miasma were very important factors - 57Name some differences between the Great Plague and the Black Death.-Government did more in the Great Plague
-More people died in the Black Death
-The Great Plague had more scientific theories whereas the Black Death was more religious - 58What are some of the differences between Medieval and Renaissance doctors?-Renaissance doctors started to use Harvey and Vesalius' ideas more
-Medieval doctors were not as trained
-Students were more practical during the renaissance
-The royal college of Physicians trained and licensed university-educated doctors
-Training was organised by the Church in the Medieval period, rather than Universities - 59When was the Industrial Revolution?1500-1900
- 60Name three factors that lead to the change in medicine.-People's attitudes toward the sick changed: the wealthy wanted to improve everybody's health
-Scientific and medical knowledge improved rapidly
-Te attitude of the government changed: it began to force councils to improve public health - 61When was the first inoculation discovered?1850
- 62Why were some against receiving an inoculation?-Some had died from the mild dose and some had become carriers
- 63How was the realisation of vaccinations founded?-Jenner realised that if dairy maids had caught cowpox, then they were less likely to catch smallpox
-He thought this could be a way to preventing smallpox
-He recorded 23 different cases and came to a conclusion that "the cowpox prevents the human constitution from the infection smallpox" - 64When and where Jenner submit his findings?-The royal society
1798 - 65What does revolution mean?A rapid change
- 66Name three inventions that happened during this time.-The spinning Jenny
-The locomotive
-The steam train
-Factories - 67Why did Jenner have such big oppositions?-He did not fully understand his theory himself, which meant that he could not respond to the criticism
-Some people just didn't like anything new
-Some did not accept the evidence and saw vaccinations as dangerous
-Also doctors who were making money wanted vested intrest - 68When was the first vaccination?1796
- 69When was vaccination first made compulsory?1852. However it was not strictly enforced
- 70When were vaccinations compulsory and strictly enforced?1872
- 71Who invented the microscope?Anton van Leeuwenhoek
- 72Why were vaccinations successful?-The government gave him a 30,000 grant
-He published a book which improved the communication around the world
-Other countries helped show that it worked (e.g. France & USA) - 73What did Pasteur discover?-Micro-organisms were in the air and floated down rather than them being created as result of the beer going sour
- 74In what year was Pastuer's Beer investigation?1857
- 75When was the Germ Theory discovered?1861
- 76When were theses vaccine created? Chicken Cholera Anthrax1880
1881 - 77Who was Koch?He became a pioneer of the new science of bacteriology
- 78What did Koch prove?-That one specific germ is the cause for one specific disease
- 79What and when were the microbes which caused Anthrax Tuberculosis Cholera found?-1875
-1882
-1883 - 80How did Koch prove his findings?-He used microscope and cameras. For smaller microbes he used industrial dye to stain them
- 81Why were Pasteur and Koch so successful?-The Government supported them
-They could prove their theories and findings
-The use of improved scientific knowledge and technology
- - 82How were cities like in the Industrial revolution?-Population increased rapidly so people were more cramped, meaning that disease spread more quickly
- 83Why did disease spread so quickly during the industrial revolution?-Contamination
-Cramped and poor housing
-Poor living conditions and sanitation
-No building regulation - 84When was the first cholera outbreak?1832
- 85What was the Boards of health?-A group of experts who were in charge of public health in certain areas
- 86When were the boards of health set up?1832
- 87When was the second cholera outbreak?1848
- 88Who was Chadwick?-He wrote a report that showed a direct link between living conditions and disease and life expectancy
- 89What did Chadwick recommend?-Removing the waste from the streets
-Drainage system
-An improved water supply - 90When was Chadwick's report?1842
- 91Why did nothing happen after Chadwick's report?The government didn't see public health as a priority
- 92What happened in 1848?The second cholera outbreak.
This caused the government to change and focus on public health - 93Why did people oppose the governments changes to public health after 1848?-Taxes would have had to increase
-The belief of Laissez-faire - 94Describe the first public health act.-It was set up in 1848 as a result of the second cholera outbreak
-It was compulsory
-It was not strictly enforced - 95What were some of the main diseases in the 19th century?-Typhoid
-Tuberculosis
-Cholera
-Smallpox - 96When was the third cholera outbreak?1854
- 97What was John Snow's theory?That cholera was spread by water
- 98When and what was Snow's discovery?-1854
-That when the handle from the water pump on Broad St. was removed, the number of deaths fell dramatically - 99What happened in 1854?-2nd cholera outbreak
-John snow's discovery
-The Crimean war - 100Where did Florence nightingale take 38 nurses to?A hospital in Scutari
- 101How were the hospitals?The had dirty conditions and many soldiers died from preventable conditions
- 102What changes did Nightingale make?-Washed the bedding and the wards
-Made it more spacious
-Gave the soldiers better food - 103How was the death rate after Nightingale?It fell from 40% to 2%
- 104Why was Nightingale so successful?-Wrote books
Saved thousands of lives
-Could prove it
-Decreased the death rate - 105When were the liberal Reforms?1906-1911
- 106Why did the L.R occur?-40% of volunteers for the Boer war(1902) suffered from malnutrition and disease
- 107What were the Liberal Reforms promise?to "care for the sick, the aged and above all the children" -Churchill 1906
- 108Who realised that poverty was caused by sickeness, old age and lack of employment?Charles Booth
- 109What were the actions of the Peoples budget?To tax the rich to help the poor
- 110When was the National insurance act made?1911
- 111What did the National insurance act (1911) do?-Gave workers 26 weeks pay and free medical treatment
-They offered unemployment benefits - 112Were there any problem with the Liberal Reforms (1906-1911)-They left out women.
(Pensions were primarily for men) - 113Name acts dealing with: -Children -Health and sickness-1907 School medical inspections
-1906 workers compensation act - 114Name some differences between the Renaissance and I.R medical knowledge.-R: Universities were run by the Church
-I.R: Criminals were allowed to be dissected
-I.R: You needed qualification to become a doctor
-R: Doctors were taught Harvey and Vesalius' ideas
-I.R: Doctors were specialised - 115Who was Paul Ehrlich?A member of Koch's research team.
- 116What did Ehrlich discover?The first Magic bullet. It was called Salvarsan 606 and it treated syphilis.
- 117When was the first magic bullet made?1909
- 118What were some of the factors that contributed to the discovery of the first magic bullet?-Pastuer's germ theory (1861) showed how disease spread
-Koch's discovery that one specific microbe was the cause of a disease
-Personal qualities: Teamwork - 119When was the discovery of penicillin?1928
- 120Who discovered penicillin?Fleming
- 121What was the journey of penicillin?-Fleming discovered mould prevented spread of disease
-Too expensive to try and purify it
-Left the work in the 1930s
-Florey and Chain published Fleming's work and looked into the investigation
-By 1940 they had made a purified version of penicilin
-Tested it on mice and it worked
-First human trial at Oxford
-Ran out of Penicilin
-Went to drug industry to make enough
-Florey went to Russia to spread idea
-In wide use by 1944 - 122What were the factors that affected Penicillin?-War
-Key individuals
-Chance
-Government
-Science and technology
-Communications - 123When was the NHS set up?In 1948 (100 years after the first public health act and the second cholera outbreak)
- 124Was there opposition to the NHS?-Doctors opposed the NHS because they were making money off of the rich who could pay for healthcare.
-They thought that they would lose money in the long run - 125When was the Beveridge Report?1942(100 Years after the Chadwick report)
- 126What did the Bevridge report lead to?The NHS
- 127What did the Beveridge report consist of?-The belief of the 5 Giant Evils
- 128What were the 5 giant Evils?-Poverty
-Laziness
-Unemployment
-Mess
-Ignorance - 129Who was the minister for Health that set up the NHS?Nye Bevan
- 130Who were the biggest opposition to the NHS?The British Medical Association
- 131Why was the BMA an opposition to the NHS?-They were afraid that it would take over medicine
-They wanted doctors to be paid per patient and not have a salary - 132What were some differences between doctors in C19th and C20th-Doctors had to train for 7 years in the C20th and nurses had to train for 3
-The Royal college of nurses only allowed men to be nurses in 1939
-There was little be to be done about the treatment of disease in the C19th
-Doctors tended to become specialised in different parts of the body - 133Name four types of alternative medicine.-Acupuncture
-Radio therapy
-Herbal remedies
-Crystal healing
-Yoga - 134When was the discovery of the structure of DNA?1953
- 135Who were the four people who were involved with the discovery of the DNA structure?-Watson
-Crick
-Franklin
-Wilkins - 136What project lead from the discovery of the DNA structure and when?-The Human Genome project
1990-2003 - 137Name some medical treatments that could be performed as a result of DNA discovery-Genetic therapy
-Genetic screening
-Customised drugs - 138How was the structure of DNA found?Franklin discovered a picture of the DNA structure called "Photograph 51".
-It was shown to Watson and Crick by her college Wilkins, without her consent.
-They then used their own knowledge and Franklin's picture to form a scientific conlusion.
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- GCSE History Flashcards on 1_Medicine Through time, created by andrew broderick on 23/05/2016.
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