Flashcards
Unit 2 Terms and Concepts
Cards in this deck (57)
- 1Anecdotal EvidencePersonal stories about specific incidents and experiences.
- 2Case StudyAn in-depth investigation of an individual subject.
- 3Confounding of VariablesA condition that exists whenever two variables are linked together in a way that makes it difficult to sort out their independent effects.
- 4Control GroupSubjects in a study who do not receive the special treatment given to the experimental group.
- 5CorrelationThe extent to which two variables are related to each other.
- 6Correlation CoefficientA numerical index of the degree of relationship between two variables.
- 7Correlational/Descriptive researchResearch that describes patterns of behaviour and discovers links or associations between variables.
- 8Data Collection TechniquesProcedures for making empirical observations and measurement.
- 9Dependent VariableIn an experiment, the variable that is thought to be affected by the manipulation of the independent variable.
- 10Descriptive StatisticsStatistics that are used to organize and summarize data.
- 11Double-blind ProcedureA research strategy in which neither subjects nor experimenters know which subjects are in the experimental or control groups.
- 12Ethical GuidelinesA set of standards that guides the actions and behaviours of a psychologist. Used to protect the participants.
- 13ExperimentA research method in which the investigator manipulates a variable under carefully controlled conditions and observes whether any changes occur in a second variable as a result.
- 14Experimental GroupThe subjects in a study who receive some special treatment in regard to the independent variable.
- 15Experimental ResearchThe manipulation of an independent variable to determine its effect on the dependent variable.
- 16Experimenter BiasA phenomenon that occurs when a researcher's expectations or preferences about the outcome of a study influence the results obtained.
- 17Extraneous VariablesAny variables other than the independent variable that seem likely to influence the dependant variable in a specific study,
- 18Frequency DistributionAn orderly arrangement of scores indicating the frequency of each score or group of scores.
- 19Frequency PolygonA line figure used to present data from a frequency distribution.
- 20HypothesisA tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables.
- 21Independent VariableIn an experiment, a condition or event that an experimenter varies in order to see it's impact on another variable.
- 22Inferential StatisticsStatistics that are used to interpret data and draw conclusions.
- 23Internet-Mediated ResearchRefers to studies in which data collection is done using the web.
- 24JournalA periodical that publishes technical and scholarly material, usually in a narrowly defined area of inquiry.
- 25MeanThe arithmetic average of the scores in a distribution.
- 26MedianThe score that falls exactly in the centre of a distribution of scores.
- 27Meta-AnalysisThe combination of the statistical results of many studies of the same question, yielding an estimate of the size and consistency of a variable's effects.
- 28ModeThe score that occurs most frequently in a distribution.
- 29Naturalistic ObservationA descriptive research method in which the researcher engages in careful, usually prolonged, observation of behaviour without intervening directly with the subjects.
- 30Negatively Skewed DistributionA distribution in which most scores pile up at the high end of the scale.
- 31Normal DistributionA symmetric, bell-shaped curve that represents the pattern in which many characteristics are dispersed in the population.
- 32Operational DefinitionA definition that describes the actions or operations that will be made to measure or control a variable.
- 33Percentile ScoreA figure that indicates the percentage of people who score below the score one has obtained.
- 34Subjects (Participants)The persons or animals whose behaviour is systematically observed in a study.
- 35Placebo EffectsThe fact that subjects' expectations can lead them to experience some change even though they receive an empty, fake, or ineffectual treatment.
- 36Positively Skewed DistributionA distribution in which scores pile up at the low end of the scale.
- 37Random AssignmentThe constitution of groups in a study such that all subjects have an equal chance of being assigned to any group or condition.
- 38ReactivityWhen a subject's behaviour is altered by the presence of the observer.
- 39ReplicationThe repetition of a study to see whether the earlier results are duplicated.
- 40Research MethodsDiffering approaches to the manipulation and control of variables in empirical studies.
- 41Response SetA tendency to respond to questions in a particular way that is unrelated to the content of the questions.
- 42SampleThe collection of subjects selected for observation in an empirical study.
- 43Sampling BiasA problem that occurs when a sample is not representative of the population from which it is drawn.
- 44Social Desirability BiasA tendency to give socially approved answers to questions about oneself.
- 45Statistical SignificanceThe condition that exists when the probability that the observed findings are due to chance is very low.
- 46StatisticsThe use of mathematics to organize, summarize, and interpret numerical data.
- 47SurveyA descriptive research model in which researchers use questionnaires or interviews to gather information about specific aspects of subjects' behaviour.
- 48Standard DeviationAn index of the amount of variability in a set of data.
- 49TheoryA system of interrelated ideas that is used to explain a set of observations.
- 50VariabilityThe extent to which the scores in a data set tend to vary from each other and from the mean.
- 51VariablesAny measurable conditions, events, characteristics, or behaviours that are controlled or observed in a study.
- 52Arthur AronContributor to the fear and sexual attraction experiment.
- 53Donald DuttonContributor to the fear and sexual attraction experiment.
- 54Neal MillerRaised questions about ethics, and defended his use of animals for experiments.
- 55Robert RosenthalStudied the experimenter bias.
- 56Stanley Schachterv
- 57David WolfeInterested and studied the effects of treatment on dating abuse.
Information
- Description
- beginner Psychology (290) Flashcards on Unit 2 Terms and Concepts, created by Patrick Schorno on 31/05/2016.
- Created by
- Patrick Schorno
- Views
- 1
- Rating