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Flashcards

Evolutionary Relationships

Minoshka Bocarro Biology Victorian Certificate of Education (VCE) English 59 cards

Cards in this deck (59)

  1. 1EvolutionThe process of gradual genetic change in the gene pool of a population over time
  2. 2Gene poolThe collection of genes and their alleles present in a population of organisms
  3. 3Allele frequencyThe relative number of a certain allele of a gene in a population that causes evolutionary change. Expressed as a decimal
  4. 4PopulationGroup of organisms of the same species living in a certain area
  5. 5MicroevolutionChange in allele frequency in a population
    - Accumulates change but still the same species
  6. 6MacroevolutionDevelopment of a new species
  7. 7VariationGenetically based differences in a population between individuals that are inherited
  8. 8PolymorphismA population whose members who variation for one particular trait as there are multiple alleles in the gene pool.
  9. 9SelectionThe processes occurring in a particular environment that causes some organisms with an advantageous phenotype to survive and reproduce and those without it to decline in number
  10. 10Selection pressuresAn abiotiv or biotic factor, in external and internal environmental, that reduces the fitness of a particular phenotype in a population of an organism. Influences change
  11. 11Fitness valueThe measure of biological success of an organism in terms of the number of viable offspring it produces
  12. 12AdaptationA feature of an organism that helps it to survive long enough to produce viable offspring
  13. 13Natural selectionA natural process that occurs in ecosystems where the organism might have an advantageous trait, giving the a higher fitness value and is more likely to reproduce and pass on alleles to the next generations
  14. 14Artificial selectionHumans decided which animals or plants leave offspring
  15. 15Replica platingEvidence for the fact that natural selection does not generate variation. Relative positions
  16. 16Heterozygote advantageDue to the unusual nature of the red blood cells, common and sickle cell
  17. 17Sexual selectionThe behavior and colouring of some species can attract the alleles of another
  18. 18Gene FlowMovement of genes as an exchange of alleles between poplation
  19. 19MigrationConsist of immigration (coming into Aus) and emigration (coming out of class)
  20. 20Genetic DriftChance effects or events that cause an unpredictable change in the frequency of alleles from generation to generation. Greatest effect in small populations
  21. 21BottleneckWhen an event produces a domestic natural reduction that causes me to lose the 300 000 000 years
  22. 22Founder effectFew individuals carrying a small proportion for the original gene
  23. 23Transitional fossilsAn intermediate form of an organism
  24. 24Fossil recordPreserved remains, traces or impression of organisms
  25. 25StratigraphyRelative age based the fossils stratum in comparison with the igneous rock of known age. Higher layer = younger, lower layers = older
  26. 26Index fossilsDistinctive and abundant organism that are easily recognisable that had a wide geographic distribution for a short period of time.
  27. 27Absolute datingA numerical date is put on the fossil, rock or biological sample
  28. 28Relative datingThe way that the strata in which sedimentary rocks are used to find the relative age of each fossil wherein the lower the layer, the older the fossil
  29. 29Radiometric datingUsing radioactive isotopes which decay at a constant rate, its half life, to determin the ratio of parent to daughter isotopes in sample.
  30. 30ThermoluminescenceEmission of light from mineral when located where the amount of light is proportional to mount of radiation absorped which indicates age
  31. 31Precambrianorigin of Earth, prokaryotic and eukaryotic (single cell and multicelular(
  32. 32PalaeozoicRapid diversity of animals to Permian extinction and Cambrian
  33. 33PMesozoicAge of reptiles
  34. 34Cretaceous extinctionMass extinction of dinosaurs which opened up new niches for other species
  35. 35CenozoicCurrent Eara
  36. 36BiogeographyThe study of the geographical distribution of organisms on earth
  37. 37GondwanaSupercontinent which linked the countries of southern hemisphere together
  38. 38Continental driftThe action of plate tectonics to move the continents gradually move together
  39. 39Comparative morphologyUsing similarities and differences in structure or anatomy to identify relationships
  40. 40Homologous structuresStructures that have a fundamental similarity indicating a common ancestor but may have different functions
  41. 41Analogous structuresStructures of an organism that have the same function but not the same basic structure
  42. 42Comparative embryologyUsing the length of similar phases in organisms to show relationship.
  43. 43Vestigial structuresSeemingly non functional structures found in organisms that resemble those in other ones or in ancestral species
  44. 44Phyogenetic TreesGrouping homologous feature to show relation through evolutionary desent fo a common ancestor
  45. 45Gene comparisonsGene linkage groups that lie close together on the same chromosome
  46. 46Protein sequencingSequencing amino acids which gives some indication of changes in DNA however as the code is generate, not very acurate
  47. 47DNA hybridisationThe disassociation and recombining of the separate pieces of DNA after which the heat is applied and the level of hybridisation is related to the similarity
  48. 48Comparative genomicsStudying the whole genome structure ad function across different species by using various techniques for molecular analysis
  49. 49Mitochondrial DNA- more discrete genetic change
    - low number of bases
    - no recombination
    - more copies avaliable
  50. 50Molecular clockA gene at which the rate of base substitution is known
  51. 51Divergent evolutionEvolution of different species from a common ancestral species
  52. 52Adaptive RadiationExplosive and rapid divergence of evolutionary lineage
  53. 53Convergent evolutionUnrelated groups of organisms separately develop similar traits due to common selection pressures
  54. 54Races and subspeciesGenetic differences across a geographic range as each is physically separated but still able to interbreed
  55. 55Allopatric speciationGeographic isolation divides parent populations after migrating from the daughter populations
  56. 56Sympatric speciationInvolves a population diverging into two separate species without a geographical barrier
  57. 57Reproductive isolationDue allopatric and sympatric speciation is inhibited between individuals of two different organisms
  58. 58PolyploidyWhole sets of chromosomes extra which can cause sudden and instant explosion
  59. 59Mass extinctionWhen an organism is not able to cope with the environment and all members die

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Victorian Certificate of Education (VCE) Biology (Unit 4 AOS 2 - Evolution) Flashcards on Evolutionary Relationships, created by Minoshka Bocarro on 08/09/2016.
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