Flashcards
Problem Wound Healing
Cards in this deck (99)
- 1What is a first degree burn?Damage to epidermis
Inflammation and oedema occurs but no blistering - 2What is the healing time for a first degree burn?Up to 1 week
- 3What is malignant melanoma?Pigmented
Derived from melanocytes - 4Where does malignant melanoma usually occur in animals?Oral cavity
- 5What is squamous cell carcinoma?Unpigmented
Derived from keratinocytes - 6What is meant by metastasis of squamous cell carcinoma?Spreads through body
- 7Why are white cats at a greater risk of developing skin cancer?Lack of protective pigmentation
- 8What is a second degree burn?Damage extends through epidermis to dermis
Separation of the 2 causes blistering - 9What is the prognosis for second degree burns affecting only the papillary dermis?Little scarring
Healing within 2-3 weeks - 10What is the prognosis for second degree burns extending into the reticular dermis?Scarring and contractures
Skin grafting may be necessary
Healing time 3-8 weeks - 11What is a third degree burn?Full depth of skin with extensive damage and necrosis of dermis
- 12Why can third degree burns be relatively painless?Nerve damage
- 13What is the prognosis for third degree burns?Skin grafts usually required
Involves scarring and wound contraction
Function may be lost necessitating amputation
Healing requires months and may remain incomplete - 14What are fourth degree burns?Extend to underlying muscle and bone
- 15What is the prognosis for fourth degree burns?Loss of function
Healing unlikely and amputation often necessary
Often fatal - 16What is first degree frost injury?Damage limited to epidermis
- 17How long is exposure for first degree frost injury?Up to 1 hour
- 18What is second degree frost injury?Separation of dermis and epidermis results in blistering
Capillary damage - 19What is third degree frost injury?Damage full depth of skin with significant necrosis
Blood vessels irreversibly damaged - 20What is the treatment for third degree frost injury?Debridement (removal of dead tissue) or amputation
- 21How do chemical injuries cause necrosis?Acid or alkali will denature proteins
- 22Give an example of a wound infected by virusesPox virus infection in orf lesions
- 23What is orf?Purulent wound
- 24Which species does orf affect?Sheep and goats
- 25Which areas of the body are usually affected by orf?Mouth
Teats - 26Why is orf a biosecurity concern?Zoonotic for humans
- 27Give an example of wounds infected by a fungusEpizootic lymphangitis
- 28Which 3 species are affected by epizootic lymphangitis?Horses
Mules
Occasionally cattle - 29Which 3 areas of the body are usually affected by epizootic lymphangitis?Head
Neck
Legs - 30What type of wound is caused by epizootic lymphangitis?Suppurative
May lead to proud flesh - 31Why is epizootic lymphangitis diagnosis important?Notifiable disease
- 32What is the treatment for epizootic lymphangitis?Amphotericin B
May avert culling - 33What are putrid infections?Smell due to breakdown of proteins generating hudrogen sulphide, ammonia, putrescine and cadaverine
- 34Give an example of a putrid infectionProteus vulgaris (enterobacterium)
- 35What are pyogenic infections?Cause suppurative (pus-producing) wounds
- 36Give 2 examples of pyogenic infectionsStaphylococcus aureus
Streptococcus pyogenes - 37Why is staphylococcus aureus problematic?Exotoxins promote cell necrosis by:
Damaging cell membranes
Preventing protein synthesis - 38Why is streptococcus pyogenes problematic?Toxins destroy white blood cells by inducing apoptosis
Prode streptokinase which activates plasminogen and hence prevents clotting - 39Give an example of an anaerobic infectionClostridia (e.g. clostridium tetani)
- 40Why can infection with Clostridia be life threatening?Highly potent toxins
Aggressive proteases - 41What part of the body is targeted by Clostridium tetani?Nerves supplying muscles
- 42Which animals are most commonly affected by clostridium tetani?Horses with puncture wounds
- 43What is the treatment of Clostridium tetani?Antibiotics
Antitoxins - 44What type of gangrene can occur in anaerobic infections?Gas gangrene
- 45Give an example of an organism causing gas gangreneC perfringens
- 46What part of the body is targeted by C perfringens?Infects wounds and causes muscle necrosis
- 47What is the treatment for gas gangrene?Debridement
Amputation - 48Why can gas gangrene not be treated with antibiotics?Antibiotics not effective in ischaemic tissue
- 49What is wet gangrene?Result of a wound that has become infected preventing adequate venous drainage
- 50What is dry gangrene?Gangrene caused by poor blood supply - no infection involved
- 51Give 4 causes of dry gangreneInjury
Frostbite
Vascular disease
Diabetes - 52Is gangrene painful?Painful until flesh dies then numb
- 53What substance causes gangrenous tissue to turn black?Iron sulphide
- 54Why is amputation carried out for both wet and dry gangrene?Wet gangrene = prevention of shock
Dry gangrene = prevention of infection leading to wet gangrene - 55What is fibrosis?Excess deposition of connective tissue in tissues and organs as a result of healing or inflammatory processes
- 56What causes progression of liver fibrosis?Occlusion of blood vessels -> ischaemic necrosis -> inflammation -> further fibrosis
- 57Give 3 causes of liver fibrosisSecondary to:
Hepatitis
Cancer
Drug damage - 58Why is the onset of liver fibrosis symptoms often very sudden?Asymptomatic until 70% of tissue lost
- 59Give 3 symptoms of liver fibrosisWeight loss
Jaundice
Colic - 60Give 3 causes of lung diseaseInjury
Infection
Toxic inhalation - 61Give 2 symtoms of lung fibrosisExercise intolerance
Rapid breathing - 62What are fibrotic adhesions?Occur when scars extend across 2 separately healing tissues e.g. in tendon injury
- 63How do fibrotic adhesions form?Fibrin bridge
Then may be displaced by collagenous extracellular matrix - 64What can exacerbate formation of fibrotic adhesions?Microscopic foreign bodies e.g. powdered gloves
- 65What type of adhesion can occur with repeated cardiac surgical procedures?Cardiac adhesions to the sternum
- 66What causes formation of hypertrophic scars?Tensile loading of tissue during repair stimulates increased fibrous matrix deposition
- 67What causes lymphoedema?Dysfunction in lymphatic drainage leading to excess protein in tissues, which causes fibrotic tissues
- 68In which species is lymphoedema most common?Horses
- 69What causes keloid scars?Proliferation of matrix deposition not limited to site of injury
- 70What replaces granulation tissue in keloid scars?Disorganised and under-crosslinked collagen
- 71In which species is proud flesh most common?Horses
- 72What is proud flesh?Overgranulation - granulation tissue protrudes beyond original wound
- 73Give 2 causes of proud fleshMechanical loading of skin not supported by underlying tissue (e.g. muscle) during healing - for example in the distal limb
Inadequate re-epithelialisation causing lack of wound closure - 74Give 3 methods of preventing proud fleshMinimise movement
Early suturing of wound to promote rapid closure - turns secondary wound into primary
Pressure bandage - 75Give 3 methods of treatment for proud fleshSurgery to excise excess tissue
Pressure bandage
Topical cortisone to down-regulate inflammation and proliferation - 76What causes pressure sores?Ischaemia-reperfusion injury which generates oxygen free radicals
- 77Give 3 features of pressure soresDeep necrosis
Surface debris
Infection of wound and surrounding tissue - 78Give 2 examples of pressure sores that can occur in horsesSaddle sores
Paddock sores on ankles due to pressure from sleeping on hard ground - 79What causes venous ulcers?Ischaemia-reperfusion injury caused by:
Faulty valves
Obstruction of capillaries
Fibrin accumulation around ruptured capillaries - 80Give 3 causes of diabetic ulcersSystemic vascular changes (such as peripheral vascular disease)
Peripheral neuropathy = unaware if injury has occurred
Decreased neutrophil response increasing susceptibility to infection - 81What is the treatment for diabetic and arterial ulcers?Amputation
- 82What causes arterial ulcers?Peripheral vascular disease
- 83Give 2 alternative terms for lick sores in dogsLick granuloma
Acral lick dermatitis - 84What causes lick sores?Minor irritation progressing into obsessive licking - may be associated with endorphin release
Exacerbated by stress, anxiety and boredom - 85Which dogs are more prone to lick sores?Larger breeds
Older dogs
Those with immobilising conditions such as osteoarthritis - 86What can be a complication of femoral head fracture?Damage to femoral or pelvic arteries
- 87What can be a complication of multiple rib fractures?Respiratory problems
- 88What is the term for calcifications developing within muscle as a fracture complication?Myositis ossificans
- 89In which breed of dog is muscle calcification common following fracture?Dobermans
- 90What is the term for painful, weakened bone resulting from impaired blood supply?Avascular necrosis
- 91What is osteochondritis desicans?Cortical and trabecular bone below articular cartilage starts to degrade
- 92What can cause osteochondritis disecans?Avascular necrosis
- 93What is the term for infection of bone?Osteomyelitis
- 94Give the 2 categories of bone infectionSuppurative (pus producing)
Sclerotic (bone thickening) - 95Why can sclerotic changes in bone be problematic?Cause osteoarthritis if occur below articular cartilage
- 96Give 3 ways in which osteomyelitis may be introduced into boneHaematogenous spread (in blood)
Local infection
Penetrating trauma - 97Give 4 causes of non-union fracturesToo much movement at repair site
Distance at repair site too great
Blood supply deficient
Infection of bone - 98What is the term for a false joint formed in non-union fractures?Pseudoarthrosis
- 99Give 5 mechanisms of non-union fracturesExcess soft tissue in fracture gap
Poor cell recruitment
Incorrect conformation of osteoid
Inadequate haematoma
Persistent inflammation
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- Animal Disease 1 (Inflammation) Flashcards on Problem Wound Healing, created by Florence Edwards on 12/11/2016.
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- Florence Edwards
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