Flashcards
Psychology Research Methods
Cards in this deck (112)
- 1Psychology: research methodsPart 1
- 2What are the two variables used in research methods?A. Independent variables (IV)
Dependent variables (DV) - 3What are independent variables?A. It is the thing being manipulated by the experimenter to see what effects it can cause on another variable
- 4What are dependent variables?A. It is the thing that is being measured in the experiment
- 5What is a Hypothesis?A. It is a testable statement which predicts how one variable will influence the other
- 6What variables must the hypothesis use?A. Operationalised Varibales
- 7What is a operationalised variable?A. It means the IV and DV are stated precisely - easy to test and measure
- 8Name the 3 control conditionsA. .The IV is absent
.Compare data from experimental data
.Only 1 condition is experimental - 9What are the two types of Hypothesis?A. Experimental/Alternate hypothesis
Null hypothesis - 10What does experimental hypothesis mean?A. It states the difference you expect to find between the levels of IV
- 11What does Null hypothesis mean?A. States there is no difference between the levels of the IV
- 12When should the experimental hypothesis only be used?A. Only when using experimental methods i.e Lab or Field
- 13What are the two types of experimental hypothesis?A. Directional (one-tailed) hypothesis
Non-directional (two-tailed) hypothesis - 14What does directional hypothesis mean?A. States thee will be a difference between the conditions of the IV and states the expected direction
- 15What does Non-directional hypothesis mean?A. Predicts there will be a difference between the conditions of the IV, but does not state the direction
- 16What are extraneous variables?A. Not intentionally studying in your experiment or test
- 17What are the 3 parts to extraneous variables?A. .Participants variables
.Situational variables
.Participants effect - 18What are participant variables?A. Participant variables are the individual differences between participants, could affect their responses in a study
- 19What are situational variables?A. Factors in the environment that can affect the DV
- 20What can the participant effects do?A. Occur when participants need cues on how they behave because they want help
- 21What is Social Desirability?A. When the participant responds in a certain way to present them in the best possible light
- 22What does extraneous variables change into when not controlled?A. They become Confounding Variables
- 23What is a pilot study?A. A pilot study is often conducted prior to an experiment
- 24The purposes of a pilot study are...?A. .Participants follow standardised instructions
.Apparatus and materials are appropriate
.Extraneous variables are being controlled
.Will not lead to demand characteristics
.Order effects are reduced - 25What is Random Allocation?A. When participants are put into a condition randomly
- 26What are the three experimental designs?A. Independent groups
Repeated measures
Matched pairs - 27What do Independent groups mean?A. Participants only take part in one condition of the experiment
- 28What do Repeated measures mean?A. When the participants take part in all the levels of the IV
- 29What do Matched Pairs mean?A. Participants are matched in each condition for characteristics that may have an effect on their performance
- 30Name an advantage and disadvantage of Independent groupsA. Advantages: .No order effects as thee are different participants for each level of IV
Disadvantages: .Participants may respond to demand characteristics as they can see the experimental task - 31Name an advantage and disadvantage for Repeated measuresA. Advantage: .The participants in both conditions are the same, no individual differences to distort the IV
Disadvantage: .Participants may know its an experiment, so could respond to demand characteristics - 32Name an advantage and a disadvantage for Matched pairsA. Advantage: .Demand characteristics are only seen once by the participants, means they are reduced
Disadvantage: .Matching is time-consuming and difficult, so not always successful - 33When do order effects occur?A. Participants take part in all conditions of an experiment
- 34What are the two ways on dealing with order effects?A. Randomisation
Counterbalancing - 35How does Randomisation deal with order effects?A. Order of participants that take part in a random condition
- 36How does counterbalancing deal with order effects?A. Alternating the order in which participants do different conditions of n experiment
- 37What are demand characteristics?A. Its features in the environment that make it possible for the participant to guess what the aim is
- 38What is a single blind procedure and a double blind procedure?A. SBP - Participant is unaware of the level of IV
DBP - When the experimenter and the participant do not know the level of IV - 39Name the 4 experimental methodsA. .Lab
.Field
.Quasi
.Natural - 40What is the description for Lab?A. .Carried out in a controlled environment
.Standardised procedures are used
.Participants are randomly allocated - 41Name a advantage and disadvantage of using LabA. Advan - It allows a tight control over extraneous variables therefore increasing the reliability of the validity
Disad - The tasks set may lack mundane realism - demand characteristics - 42What does the Field method mean?A. .Placed in a real world setting
.The IV is manipulated by the experimenter
.The variables are controlled
.Participants can be randomly allocated to conditions - 43What are the advantages and disadvantages of Field?A. advan - Less likely for participants to react to demand characteristics as it in a real environment
disad - It can become unethical if participants don't know what they are taking part in - 44The definition of Quasi?A. .Random allocation of participants isn't possible
.The IV occurs naturally - 45What are advantages and disadvantages of Quasi?A. advan - The participants are not allocated to conditions so can reduce demand characteristics
disad - There are no controls over the variables as the IV is naturally occurring - 46What does Natural method mean?A. .The IV occurs naturally
.An event occurs naturally and the researcher takes advantage of it - 47The advantages and disadvantages of Natural?A. advan - Can be a higher ecological validity
disad - Participants are not randomly allocated to conditions so the individual differences are not controlled - 48Name the 5 methods used for section of participantsA. .Random
.Opportunity
.Self-selected
.Stratified
.Systematic - 49What are the descriptions for Random and Opportunity?A. Random -Trying to make things equally fare when picking participants
Opportunity - Selecting people when they are available - 50what are the descriptions for self-selected and stratified?A. Self-selected - Participants are invited to participate
Stratified - By dividing the population into strata - 51What does Systematic mean?A. Taking the nth person from a list i.e. the 3rd person
- 52What are the advantages and disadvantages of Random?A. Advan - Each participant has a equal chance of being selected will go through a wider range of population
Disad - Sample may become biased - 53What are the advantages and disadvantages of Opportunity?A. Advan - It is quicker and easier than other methods as participants are readily available
Disad - Participants can decline to take part - becomes self selected - 54What are the advantages and disadvantages of self -selected?A. Advan - easy and convenient to obtain large samples with little effort
Disad - Demand characteristics may be more likely as participants are eager to please - 55What are the advantages and disadvantages of stratified?A. Advan - should be representative
Disad - It is time consuming to divide the population - 56What are the advantages and disadvantages of SystematicA. advan - Unbiased selection therefore more likely to obtain a representative sample
Disad - Not everyone has an equal chance to be selected therefore making it biased - 57Name all of the ethical issues (D.R.I.P)?A. .Deception
.Right to withdraw
.Informed consent
.Protection from harm
Privacy and confidentiality - 58How do you avoid ethical issues?A. .Presumptive consent
.Prior general consent
.Retrospective consent - 59What does a reliability mean?A. The test or measure produces consistent results
- 60What does internal reliability and external reliability mean?A. In - consistency of a test within itself
ex - stability of a measure across time - 61Name the 2 reliabilitiesA. Internal
External - 62What does validity mean?A. Results/tests accurately measure what they are supposed to be measured
- 63What are the 2 validities?A. Internal
External - 64What does internal validity mean?A. Refers whether the effects observed in a study are due to the manipulation of the independent variable
- 65What does external validity mean?A. The extent to the findings that can be generalised beyond the research study
- 66What are Self - reports used for?A. Used to collect data about participants thoughts, feelings or beliefs
- 67What 2 types of questions are asked in interviews?A. Open questions
Closed questions - 68What are open and closed questions?A. open - participants can respond in any way they wish - not restricted by categories
Closed - Participants are selected in their response from a choice i.e. tick boxes - 69What can open and closed questions produce?A. open - Qualitative data
closed - Quantitative data - 70Name a strength and weakness of open questionsA. Strength - Generates qualitative data = detailed responses and explanations
weakness - May end up with smaller samples - 71Name a strength and weakness for closed questions?A. strength - Quantitative data - easier to analyse/interpret
weakness - reduced validity - choices may be restricting - 72What scales can self-report use?A. Rating scales
Likert scales - 73What are rating scales?A. It is a numerical scale on which respondents indicate their choices by selecting a number
- 74What kind of data can rating scales generate?A. quantitative data
- 75name a strength and weakness of rating scalesA. strength - Quantitative data = easy to analyse - can calculate modes and plot graphs
weakness - Response can be bias = extreme or middle values will affect the validity - 76What are Likert scales?A. measures attitudes by giving participants a statement to which they respond by how much they agree
- 77Name a strength and weakness for likert scalesA. strength - uses quantitative data - large amounts of data can be collected
weakness - lack of detail in participants answers - 78What are Questionnaires?A. More structured than interviews - involve participants answering series of written questions
- 79Name the 2 types of questionnairesA. Filler questions
Lie detector questions - 80What are filler and lie detector questions?A. Lie detector - to see if people respond to social desirability - bias
Filler - to disguise the true aim of the questionnaire - 81Name a strength and weakness for questionnairesA. strength - Gain valid responses - participants may be more truthful than a face to face interview
weakness - Response bias - use of rating scales may affect validity - 82Name the 3 types of interviewsA. Structured
semi - structured
unstructured - 83What do structured, unstructured and semi - structured mean?A. Structured - questions are scripted
semi -structured - certain questions are pre - set can introduce additional questions
Unstructured - set topic for discussion but no fixed questions - 84Name a strength and a weakness on semi - structured, unstructured and structuredA. Strength: Semi/un - Interviewer can adapt questions to gain specific detailed info
Structured - easy to analyse and replicable
Weakness: Semi/un - less reliability as question is not the same for all participants
Structured - limited by fixed questions - 85What are the 2 ways to assess the reliability ?A. .split - half method
.Test - retest assessment - 86What does split-half method and Test-retest assessment mean?A. split-half - the items within self report tool are measuring the same thing
test-assessment - The same participants will respond to the same test in the same way if they complete it again - 87What is Internal validity?A. Related to whether the questionnaire or interview really measures what is intended to measure
- 88What are the common ways to assess internal validity?A. Concurrent validity
Face validity - 89what does concurrent and face validity mean?A. Concurrent - compare the test to an existing measure that is known to be valid
Face - a measure appears at face value to test what it calms to - 90What is external validity?A. It concerns the extent to which the findings can be generalised to other situations and other people
- 91When is observational methods used?A. Used when watching participants in order to obtain data and gather information about their behaviour
- 92What are the 2 observations?A. Naturalistic observations
Controlled observations - 93What does Naturalistic and controlled observations mean?A. Naturalistic - Carried out in a natural setting and the investigator does not interfere
Controlled - behaviour is observed under controlled conditions - 94Name a strength and weakness for Naturalistic observationsA. strength - higher in ecological validity as participants are engaging in their natural behaviour
Weakness - May not obtain consent from participants which raises ethical issues - 95Name a strength and weakness for controlled observationsA. strength - Likely to have obtained consent from participants = more ethical
weakness - low in ecological validity s participants are observed = not natural - 96what is unstructured observation?A. Observer records all relevant behaviour but without a system such as behavioural categories
- 97What is structured observation?A. Involves behavioural categories and sampling techniques
- 98what must the behavioural categories be?A. Pre-determined
defined - 99what are the strengths and weaknesses of structured and unstructured?A. structured - strength - generates quantitative data
weakness - does not allow explanations of behaviour
unstructured - strength - may reveal deeper insights into behaviour
weakness - difficult to replicate - 100what are the different types of observation?A. Participant
non-participant - 101what does participant and non-participant mean?A. participant - researchers are involved in the social situation
non-participant - researcher is not involved in the situation - 102What are overt and covert observations?A. Overt - participants are aware that they are being observed as part of research
Covert - participants are unaware they are being observed - 103what are the strengths and weaknesses of overt observation?A. strengths - more ethical because participants give their consent to be observed
weakness - may respond to demand characteristics as they know they are being observed - 104what are strength and weakness of covert observation?A. Strength - unlikely to be affected by demand characteristics
weakness - practicalities of staying covert - 105Name the data collection technique?A. Event sampling
Time sampling - 106what is event and time sampling?A. Event - uses checklist
time - observation is divided into time periods - 107Name strength and weakness on event sampling?A. strength - records every occurrence of behaviour throughout the study
weakness - cannot see behaviour change over time - 108Name strength and weakness on time sampling?A. strength - gives an indication of behaviour change over time
weakness - some behaviours may be missed if they occur outside specific time period - 109what does inter-rater reliability?A. produce the same records when they watch the same event
- 110how can inter-rater reliability be improved?A. .Both observers working to define the behavioural categories
.observers practising and being trained to use the behavioural categories
.conducting a pilot study
.making sure categories are clearly defined - 111what are the 2 types of validity observations?A. Internal
External - 112What does internal and external validity mean in observations?A. Internal - Behavioural categories are clearly defined and they do not overlap
external - natural behaviours are more likely to be higher in ecological validity
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- A level Psychology Flashcards on Psychology Research Methods , created by Libby Collingwood on 29/11/2016.
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- Libby Collingwood
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