Flashcards
Psychology Research Methods
Cards in this deck (53)
- 1HypothesisA precise testable statement about the predicted outcome of an experiment
- 2ValidityHow accurately a study investigates what it claims to investigate and the extend to which the findings can be generalised beyond the research setting
- 3Internal validityA study has internal validity if the outcome is the result of the manipulation of the variables
- 4External validityThe extent to which findings can be generalised beyond the research setting including
a) population validity- other people
b) ecological validity - other settings - 5Lab experimentAn experiment carried out in controlled environment where the IV is manipulated
- 6Field experimentAn experiment that takes place in its natural environment and the IV is still manipulated
- 7Natural experimentThe researcher takes advantage of a naturally occurring difference. This isn't a true experiment because there is no intentional manipulation of an IV
- 8Null HypothesisA hypothesis that states the results of an experiment will not show a relationship between two variables.
- 9Alternative hypothesisAny hypothesis that is not the null hypothesis
- 10Directional hypothesisStates specifically what kind of change is predicted of the experiment.
- 11Non-directional hypothesisA hypothesis where the direction of results is not predicted.
- 12What is the test for reliability?1. Repeat the experiment
2. Compare the results for similarity - 13Extraneous variablesVariables that need to be controlled in experiment that aren't the IV because they could affect the DV
- 14What are the 2 types of extraneous variables, examples of them and how they are controlled?1. Situational variables - connected with the research situation - e.g. Temperature, time of day - standardisation
2. Participant variables - connected with participants - e.g. Intelligence, age - experimental design - 15Confounding variablesUncontrolled extraneous variables that negatively affect the results
- 16What are demand characteristics, an example and how are they controlled?Things that encourage or invite participants to behave in a particular way in the external environment.
E.g. A cue in the environment causes a participant to guess the hypothesis and then suck up or screw you effect.
Controlled by single-blind technique. - 17What are investigator effects, an example and how are they controlled?Aspects of the researchers behaviour that can lead participants to think they should act in a particular way.
E.g. Frowning when wrong answer is given.
Controlled by double-blind technique - 18What is random sampling?every member of target population has equal chance of being chosen due to random sampling technique like names in a hat
- 19What is opportunity sampling?A sample of consisting of those available to the researcher e.g. their students
- 20What is volunteer sampling?A sample where the participants self-select because they volunteer to take part in the study.
- 21What is stratified sampling?A sample where the composition reflects the proportions of strata (sub-groups) in the target population. The method used involved identifying strata and the proportions, and then using a random sample method to pick participants from each strata.
- 22What is systematic sampling?Taking every nth person from a list to create a sample.
- 23What are the 9 different aspects of ethical guidelines that relate to research with human participants set out by the BPS?1. Consent
2. Deception
3. Debriefing
4. Withdrawal
5. Confidentiality
6. Protection
7. Observational research must have bounds
8. Giving advice
9. Colleagues - 24Peer reviewThe process that research must go through before being published that involves a small group of experts in that field being objective and scrutinising the research.
- 25What are the 3 aims (/strengths) of peer review?1. To allocate research funding
2. To validate the quality and relevance.
Three. To suggest amendments or improvements - 26What are the 3 weaknesses of peer review?1. Anonymity?
2. Publication bias - file drawer problem
3. Burying ground breaking research - 27What are the 2 examples of how psychological research can have implications for the economy?1. Attachment research into the role of the father
2. The development of treatments for mental illness - 28What is the 1 AO3 strength and 2 AO3 weakness for implications of psychological research on the economy?Strength 1: produces a better functioning workforce and cuts down on costs to the health service and policing service etc.
Weakness 1: psychologists need to beware that ethics must come before profits.
Weakness 2: psychologists must not enter the agent in stage with their research
e.g. allowing profiteering drug companies to misuse the drug. - 29Pilot studyA small scale trail run of the actual investigation to test data collection and how data is dealt with.
- 30What are the 3 features of a true experiment?1. Manipulation of an IV
2. Randomisation
3. Control of variables - 31What is repeated measures experimental design?Same participants are used in both conditions
- 32What are the advantages and disadvantages of repeated measures p?Advantages : - no participant variables
- fewer participants needed
Disadvantages : - order effects can occur
- increased chance of demand characteristics
- can't use same stimulus twice. - 33What is independent groups experimental design?Participants are randomly allocated to one of the conditions
- 34What are the advantages and disadvantages of independent groups?Advantages : - no order effects
- reduced chance of demand characteristics
- can use the same stimulus
Disadvantages : - least effective for controlling participant variables
- more participants required - 35What is matched pairs experimental design?Participants are matched as closely as possible with another participant and then each participant in a pair in randomly allocated to a condition
- 36What are the advantages and disadvantages of matched pairs?Advantages : - no order effects
- controlled participant variables
Disadvantages : - difficult
- time-consuming
- more participants required - 37Naturalistic observationResearcher observes naturally occurring behaviour
- 38Controlled observationObserver attempts to control certain variables
- 39Participant observationObserver becoming actively involved
- 40Overt observationAn observation where the participants are aware
- 41Covert observationAn observation in which the participants are not aware they are being observed
- 42Event samplingCounting the number of times a behaviour occurs in a target individual or group
- 43Time samplingCounting behaviour in a set time frame, for example recording what behaviour is being exhibited every 30 seconds
- 44Inter-rater reliabilityThe extent to which a data collection tool used by a group of observers produces similar data
- 45What is the correlation coefficient?Spearman's rho - the statistical method for assessing the strength and type of relationship between two variables.
+ = positive
- = negative - 46SurveyInvolves asking a large sample of people for information on a specific topic at a particular moment.
- 47Likert Scale (as used in closed questions in surveys)A scale in which the respondent indicates their agreement with a statement using a scale of usually five points.
- 48Rating scale (as used in closed questions)Respondents identify a number that represents their strength of feeling about a topic
- 49Meta-analysisA process in which the data from a large number of studies p, which have used the same research question and method, are combined.
- 50How do you work out the mean?Adding up all the scores and dividing by the number of scores
- 51What are the advantages and disadvantages of the mean and when should it be used?A : most sensitive as it takes all scores into account
D : can be distorted by extreme scores
Used : when there are no extreme scores - 52How do you work out the median?Putting the data in order and finding the middle score.
If there are 2 middle values add them together and divide by 2. - 53What are the advantages and disadvantages of the median and when should it be used?A : unaffected by extreme scores
D : only takes 1/2 values into account
Used : when there are extreme scores and you want an easy method
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- AS - Level Psychology Flashcards on Psychology Research Methods , created by Hannah Jones on 26/12/2016.
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- Hannah Jones
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