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| Question | Answer |
| Act of Attainder | Act passed through parliament declaring the accused guilty without the need for a trial |
| Annates | Revenues paid to the Pope by a Bishop or other cleric on his appointment, collected in England and sent to Rome (also known as the 'First Fruits') |
| Anticlericalism | Opposition to the Church's role in political and other non-religious matters |
| Bonds | A legal document which bound an individual to another to perform an action or forfeit a specified sum of money if they failed to do so |
| Bourgeoisie | Middle-class residents of towns and cities |
| Bull | A letter or a formal declaration issued by the Pope |
| Bureaucrat | An official in a government department, in particular one perceived as being concerned with procedure rather than the needs of people |
| Calvinism | Ideas on Catholic doctrine and organisation put forward in Geneva by the French reformer John Calvin |
| Catholic Reformation | The attempts of the Catholic Church to reform itself across Europe in response to the rise of Protestantism |
| Chamber | The private areas of Court, also a key department for the efficient collection of royal revenues |
| Chancery | The main court of equity in the kingdom |
| Chantries | Chapels where Masses for the souls of the dead took place |
| Chivalrous | Gallant, or courteous; a code of conduct associated historically with the dutiful behaviour of medieval knights |
| Collectanea satis copiosa | Compiled by Cranmer to add intellectual authority to Henry's case in seeking an annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon |
| Consubstantiation | Protestant belief that the bread and wine of the Communion only represent the flesh and blood of Christ spiritually |
| Convocation | Ruling council of the Church, a form of parliament |
| Common rights | Denotes the legal right of tenants to use common land, for example keeping animals; the exact nature of these rights varied from place to place |
| Corpus Christi | Literally meaning the 'body of Christ', Corpus Christi is a feast of the Catholic Church which celebrates the 'blessed sacrament' |
| Courtier | A person who attends the Royal Court as a companion or adviser to the Monarch |
| Courts of Assize | Senior courts in each county, presided over by a Judge appointed by the Crown |
| Council Learned in the Law | Responsible for marriage, wardship and relief of all the King's tenants and the collection of feudal dues |
| Debasement | Means whereby the government tried to save money by reducing the content of gold and silver in coins and replacing them with cheaper metals, lowering the value of the currency |
| Diocese | An area under the pastoral care of a Bishop in the Christian Church |
| Duchy of Lancaster | A significant body of property, mainly in Lancashire, which personally belonged to the King but was formally the territory of the Duke |
| Eltham Ordinances | Wolsey's attempt to reform the King's Household in 1526 |
| Enclosure | Enclosing agriculture land with hedges or fences to make it easier to raise livestock |
| Erasmianism | The body of ideas associated with Erasmus and his followers |
| Erastian | The view that the State should have authority over the Church |
| Eucharist | A rite or sacrament known as Holy Communion which celebrates the Lord's Supper |
| Excommunication | Expulsion or banishment of a person from the Church. An excommunicant could no longer worship, marry or be buried in church |
| Extraordinary revenue | Money raised by the King from additional sources as one-off payments when he faced an emergency or an unforeseeable expense of government; this could be made of parliamentary grants, loans, clerical taxes etc. |
| Feudal System | The medieval system by which society was structured depending on relationships in which land was held in return for some form of service |
| Feudal Dues/Aid | Traditional customs, such as marriage payments or inheritance tax, associated with the feudal system |
| Field of the Cloth of Gold | The venue in Northern France for a grand meeting between Henry VIII and Francis I of France, June 1520 |
| Fifteenths and tenths | Standard form of taxation paid by towns and boroughs to the Crown |
| Forty-Two Articles | Drawn up by Thomas Cranmer during the reign of Edward VI as a summary of Anglican doctrine in the Protestant faith |
| Great chain of being | Social pyramid showing everyone's place in society, as decreed by God |
| Gothic | The style of architecture prevalent in Western Europe from the 12th to 16th centuries, characterised by pointed arches and large windows |
| Groom of the stool | The most intimate of an English Monarch's courtiers, who became a man in whom much confidence was placed and royal secrets were shared |
| Guilds and confraternities | Voluntary associations of individuals created to promote works of Christian charity or devotion |
| Habsburgs | Family name of the ruling dynasty that reigned in sixteenth-century Spain, Austria, the Netherlands and the Holy Roman Empire |
| Hanseatic League | A group of free cities which formed a commercial union to control trade in the Baltic Sea; the league dominated commercial activity in Northern Europe from the 13th century to the 15th century |
| Heir presumptive | The person who is first in line of succession but whose position could be displaced by a new heir with a better claim |
| Heresy | The denial of the validity of the key doctrines of the Church |
| Homily | A published reading which could be substituted for a sermon produced by a clergyman |
| Holy Roman Empire | Large, central European state, roughly equivalent to modern Germany, ruled by an elected Emperor |
| Household government | Medieval system of government where the head of a household, invariably an adult male, had authority over the property, labour and mobility of everyone living on his land |
| Huguenot | A term used in the sixteenth and seventeenth century to denote French Protestants |
| Iconoclasm | The rejection or destruction of images associated with established religious practices |
| Intercession | The action of saying a prayer on behalf of another; in traditional Catholic thinking it was the role of the Priest to intervene with God on behalf of an individual |
| Intercursus Malus | Trade agreement from 1506; this treaty never became fully operative and by the following year trading relationships had been restored on the basis of Intercursus Magnus |
| Intercursus Magnus | The major commercial treaty between England and Burgundy which restored normal trading links between the two |
| King's Great Matter | Concerned the annulment of Henry VIII's marriage to Catherine of Aragon and his desire to marry Anne Boleyn; this was a complex situation which would ultimately lead to the break with Rome |
| King's Council | Council consisting of the King's closest advisers |
| Laity | Collective term for those who were not Priests or members of a religious order |
| Legatine Court | Court set up in specific countries carrying the full authority of the Pope to determine legal cases (For example, the Court set up at Blackfriars in 1529) |
| Livery and maintenance | Uniforms and badges worn by retainers who serve their Lords |
| Lollardy | Religious movement that existed from the mid 14th century to the English Reformation. The Catholic Church regarded its members as being heretics |
| Lord Chancellor | Highest legal and administrative office in the English government, often equated with being the Monarch's chief minister |
| Lord Lieutenant | Military officer appointed to a county, concerned with the training of troops and the defence of the realm |
| Lord Chamberlain | An experienced nobleman and member of the King's council. He was often a personal friend of the King and had administrative and political responsibilities |
| Lord Protector | Title given to a senior nobleman appointed to govern the Kingdom on behalf of a child monarch |
| Lutheran | Follows and faith of Martin Luther |
| Marcher Lordships | Semi-independent lordships in Wales and the border region, ruled by noblemen possessing special authority from the Crown |
| Merchant Adventurers | Company of English merchants who traded with the Netherlands and north-west Germany, principally in the export of finished cloth |
| Magnate | A member of the higher ranks of the nobility |
| Navigation Acts | Acts passed through parliament in an attempt to promote and protect English trade and break the monopoly enjoyed by the Hanseatic League |
| Papal Legate | Representative of the Pope, given full Papal powers in a specific country (for example, Cardinal Wolsey) |
| Pastoral duties | Work of the Parish Priest, such as baptism, marriage and burial |
| Pastoral farming | Involves the rearing of animals - either for animal by-products (such as milk or wool) or for meat |
| Patronage | The system by which the Crown distributed favours to those that were seen as loyal |
| Peasant | A country dweller who farmed directly on land which was either owned or rented |
| Penance | Sacrament of penance involved the repentance of sins by means of confession |
| Peerage | Group of persons who held one of the five ranks of aristocracy - Duke, Marquis, Earl, Viscount, Baron. They were usually considerable landholders and exercised considerable power in their localities |
| Perpendicular style | The dominant form of Church architecture in England from the 14th to the 16th century, so-called because of its emphasis on vertical lines |
| Praemunire | A parliamentary statute enacted in 1393 to prevent papal interference in the rights of the Crown to make appointments to Church office |
| Prerogative rights | Describes those rights and powers which the Monarch could exercise without requiring the consent of Parliament |
| Presbyterians | Puritan members of the Anglican Church who wished to reform the Church from within |
| Privy Chamber | Comprising the close personal servants of the Monarch, its members had direct access to the Monarch and could directly influence them |
| Purgatory | The state in which souls of the dead were purged of their sins before they could enter the kingdom of heaven |
| Puritanism | The belief amongst godly Protestants that the Church of England needed to be purged of any remaining Catholic practices |
| Real Wages | The value of income in relation to prices of goods on the market, instead of actual money received |
| Recognizance | A formal acknowledgement of a debt or other obligation which could be enforced by means of financial penalty |
| Recusant | Those who refused to attend the services of the Church of England |
| Reformation | The 16th century movement opposing the Catholic Church, which resulted in the establishment of Protestant and reformed churches |
| Regent | A person who governs the country on behalf of the Monarch |
| Reformation Parliament | Parliament that met between 1529 and 1536. It transformed the Church by breaking from Rome and making Henry VIII the supreme head of the Church in England |
| Renaissance | A cultural and intellectual movement, which began in Italy. It emphasised a revival of learning in science, art and classical civilisation |
| Retaining | Medieval system whereby great lords recruited those of a lower social status as their followers or servants (often they would serve as soldiers) |
| Regular Clergy | Monks and Nuns who lived and worshipped in monastic institutions |
| Secular Clergy | Priests and Chaplains who lived and worshipped in the community and led services in the local parish church |
| Secular | Something not connected with religious or spiritual matters |
| Sectaries | A term used (normally with disapproval) to describe members of sects which had separated from the Church of England |
| Separatists | Hard-line Puritans who split from the Presbyterian movement to set up their own religious groups, which was entirely independent of the Anglican Church |
| Star Chamber | The Court of Star Chamber dealt with serious crimes, both civil and criminal. It was especially effective in dealing with the nobility and gentry |
| Statute of Uses 1535-36 | Law designed to prevent landowners transferring land to third parties, which meant that the Crown could not tax it because it was being used by people other than the people who owned it |
| Submission of the Clergy | The formal surrender of the Church's independent law-making function |
| Subsidy | Historically, a grant issued by Parliament to the Monarch for state needs |
| Supplication of the ordinaries | List of clerical abuses that Henry VIII intended to reform |
| Synod | A Church council |
| Tonnage and poundage | The right to raise revenue for the whole reign from imports and exports |
| Transubstantiation | The Christian belief that the substance of bread and wine was completely changed into the substance of Christ's body and blood by a ordained Priest during the consecration at Mass |
| Wardship | An aspect of the Feudal system which enabled the Crown to gain profits from property held by a minor |
| Yeomen | Social class of richer peasant, who may have been as wealthy as some of the gentry, but were below them in social class |
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