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China evidence

Big Dave History AS - Level English 92 cards

Cards in this deck (92)

  1. 1China EvidenceN/a
  2. 2ESTABLISHING COMMUNIST RULE 1949-1957N/a
  3. 3China in 1949N/a
  4. 4What were the impacts of the 1946-1949 civil war?Broke down law and order
    - lawlessness
    - 1 million bandits in 1949
    - widespread corruption in industry & government
  5. 5What was the state of China's economy in 1949?empty
    - agriculture - peasant farmers
    - industry - poor industrial base
    - infrastructure
  6. 6The new power structureN/a
  7. 7What was the role of the People's Liberation Army (PLA) in the new government?Many generals are political leaders e.g. Peng Duhai, Lin Biao
    - 2/4 of officials running local communities from the PLA
  8. 8How did the CCP maintain control over society?- Danwei - neighbourhood surveillance groups
    - Laogai prison camps - 1million admitted every year under CCP, 20 million said to have died. 50,000 sent to camps right away
    - influence of the army
  9. 9What is democratic centralism?System of ostensible democracy due to local elections/meetings, however decisions are made from the Politburo down thus there is a de facto dictatorship
  10. 10Defeating the CCP's opponentsN/a
  11. 11What was the 'Three Antis' movement?Introduced 1951 to target:
    - corruption
    - waste
    - delay
    Aimed at party officials
    - reduced corruption & freedoms
  12. 12What was the 'Five Antis' movement?Introduced 1952 to target:
    - cheating on government contracts
    - theft of state property
    - bribery
    - tax evasion
    - stealing economic information
    Aimed at business people
    - reduced corruption & freedoms
  13. 13What were the reunification campaigns?Guangdong (1949) - GMD stronghold easily taken over
    Xinjiang (1949) - largely political takeover of KMT nationalists
    Tibet (1950) - reunified by force, 500,000 Tibetans killed
  14. 14What was the Hundred Flowers Campaign?1956
    - citizens encouraged to express their opinions of the CCP regime
    - possibly an attempt to 'smoke out snakes' used by Mao, or could have been a search for genuine criticism caused by fear of Mao being denounced as Stalin was by Khrushchev
  15. 15What were the impacts of the Hundred Flowers Campaign?June 1957 - reviewed the February speech: 'On the Correct Handling of Contradictions Among the People'
    - Claimed "healthy criticism" against Mao had reached "harmful and uncontrollable" levels
    - Anti-Rightist campaign 1957-59, struggle meetings, 5-10% suspected but this was seen as a quota
    - 550,000 people persecuted as 'Rightists'
  16. 16China and the Korean WarN/a
  17. 17What were the impacts of the Korean War in strengthening the CCP?CCP asserted itself as China's stable government and was unchallenged
    - China had united against foreign opponents under communist rule
  18. 18What were the costs of intervention in Korea?0.5-1 million PLA soldiers killed
    14% of total army
    - Mao's own son was killed
    ¥6.2 billion costs, ¥3billion debt to soviets
  19. 19How did the intervention in Korea enhance China's international prestige?PRC established itself as
    - CCP asserted itself as China's stable government and was unchallenged
    - PRC proved itself internationally as a significant power
  20. 20AGRICULTURE AND INDUSTRY 1949-1965N/a
  21. 21Early changes in agriculture 1949-1957N/a
  22. 22How widespread was landlordism in 1949?Landlords are 4% of population, own 30% of land
    - 10-15% of farmers rented in the North
    - 56% of farmers rented in the south-west
  23. 23How was land redistributed?1950 Agrarian Reform law
    - Moderate approach, wealthy peasants left alone
    - 40% of land redistributed
    - 60% of people benefited
    - Body count 750,000-1million, including landlords
  24. 24What was collectivisation?Farming based around communal living, sharing and working
  25. 25What was the change from voluntary to enforced collectivisation?Mao's orders are conflicting
    - 1953 campaigned against 'rash advance' in collectivisation
    - 1954 condemned 'rash retreat' after wealthy peasants start spontaneous capitalism such as renting land
    - 1955 'socialist industrialisation cannot be carried out in isolation from the co-operative transformation of agriculture'. Collectivisation enforced as only 14% of peasants had joined collectives
  26. 26The communesN/a
  27. 27How were communes organised?- 1951 MATs established , up to 10 households, only applied to poorer peasants
    - 1952-53 APCs grouped of 30-50 households, peasants retained land ownership and profits were shared based on land offered (thus wealthier peasants benefited)
    - 1955 Super-APCs of 200-300 households, often larger than a single village thus more admin needed, wealthier peasants benefit less as share of profits based more on labour than land. 63% of population in APCS
  28. 28How was private farming abolished?empty
    - 1958 private ownership abolished
  29. 29What was Lysenkoism?Soviet scientist Lysenko drafted agricultural 'constitution' for chinese farmers in 1958
    - 1958 'Four Pests' campaign targetted sparrows, causing outbreak of pests
    - 'backyard furnaces' producing useless metal from peasant tools and useful implements
  30. 30What was the Great Famine?1958-62
    Great Leap Forward
    - 20 million deaths
    Caused by
    - Lysenkoism
    - natural disasters - 1957 60% of crops destroyed
    - fall in agricultural production as a result of collectivisation grain production fell from 200-143million tons to 1958-60
    - movement of millions of agricultural workers to industry
  31. 31How was private farming restored?Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping
    empty
    - embrace some capitalist economic policies
  32. 32The First Five Year Plan 1952-56N/a
  33. 33What was the USSR's support of the Chinese economy?Technical and financial support of Chinese industry
    - 1957 - soviet technical advisers withdraw after disagreements between Mao & Khrushchev, 60% of industry has to close down
  34. 34What were the plan's targets?- collectivise agriculture
    - improve industry
  35. 35What were the plan's successes?- 1957 - coal production of 131 million tons, up 98% from 1952
    - Agriculture - growth of 3.8%, down to 1% in 1956
    - targets in grain & cotton exceeded
  36. 36What were the plan's failures?- production targets may have been falsified
    - collectivisation slowed agricultural production
  37. 37The Second Five Year Plan 1958-62N/a
  38. 38What were Mao's reasons for launching the GLF?empty
  39. 39What were the plan's failures?- 1958-60 - Grain production decrease 200 million-144 million
    - 50% of steel produced was in 'backyard furnaces', thus essentially useless
    - movement of millions of agricultural workers to industry harmed agricultural production
    - Great famine causing 20million deaths
  40. 40What was the Lushan ConferanceMeeting of CCP leaders in 1959 to discuss the Great Leap Forward
    - Peng Duhai criticised in a letter the GFP whilst still praising Mao's "great achievement", for this he was purged from the party
    - established criticism of Mao as equated to criticism of the party
  41. 41What were the roles of Liu Shaoqi & Deng Xiaoping role 1962-65?Effectively ruled china in Mao's absence
    - embraced some capitalist policy
  42. 42How was the economy reformed 1962-65?- legalisation of private ownership
    - imports of advanced machinery from Japan & Western Europe
    - focus on material progress rather than revolutionary zeal
    - agriculture & industry 10% average annual growth
  43. 43THE CULTURAL REVOLUTION AND ITS AFTERMATH 1966-1976N/a
  44. 44Mao's reasons for launching the Cultural RevolutionN/a
  45. 45What were the political divisions within the CCP?In Mao's absence (1962-66) the party was divided between:
    - Idealogues (right)
    - pragmatists (left)
  46. 46Who were the ideologues?Supportive of Mao. Extreme left of party.
    - Gang of Four including Jiang Qing (Mao's wife)
    - Central Cultural Revolution Group (including Gang of Four) directed cultural revolution
  47. 47Who were the pragmatists?Critical of Mao, believed in use of some capitalist ideas. Right of party.
    - Deng Xiaoping
    - Liu Shaoqi
    - Group of Five
    'It does not matter what colour the cat is as long as it catches mice.'
  48. 48What was the quest for a permanent revolution?Concept that, despite the CCP's secure regime, revolution and struggle should be ongoing so as to prevent stagnation and a lapsing into capitalist tendencies.
  49. 49What were the attacks on the bureaucracy?empty
  50. 50The Red Guards and Red TerrorN/a
  51. 51What was Mao's hold on young people?empty
    - CCP seen as surrogate family due to turning young people against schools & families
  52. 52What were the 1966 mass rallies?Marked beginning of Cultural Revolution
    - August - Tienanmen square rally
    "Mobilise the young" "Monkeys to disrupt the palace" "Bombard the headquarters"
    - November - 8 Tianamen rallies
  53. 53What were the Four Olds?Targets of Red Guard Attacks
    - Culture
    - Habits
    - Ideas
    - Customs
    So general that Red Guard action was extremely chaotic and unpredictable
    - house raids
    - struggle meetings
    - accusations
  54. 54How did anarchy grow during the Cultural Revolution?empty
    - January revoltion 1967, Shanghai branch of the CCP stormed by Red Guards. PLA have to restore order
  55. 55How was terror used during the Cultural Revolution?3 million sent to work camps
    - sent to 're-discover revolutionary zeal'
    - 'May 7th Code schools' - combination of indoctrination and hard physical labour alongside peasantry
    - brutal beatings and torture in camps
    500,000 killed
  56. 56What was cultural destruction?Red Guards destroyed items of 'old culture'
    - 6000 acts of cultural vandalism
    - 66% of Beijing's historical/cultural sites destroyed
    - 100,000 private homes broken into and raided for artefacts
  57. 57Attacks on Mao's political and class enemiesN/a
  58. 58How were Liu Shaoqi & Deng Xiaoping attacked during the Cultural Revolution?1966
    - August - Deng Xiaping & Liu Shaoqi accused
    Liu Shaoqi:
    - target of poster campaigns
    - dismissed from party October 1966
    - arrested in 1967, died in prison camp of disease in 1969
    Deng Xiaoping:
    - son thrown from upper floor window in 1968
  59. 59How was Lin Biao attacked during the Cultural Revolution?- grew powerful during CCP
    - rift developed between Lin and Mao
    - 1971 Lin killed in plane crash, supposedly heading to Moscow after assassination plot on Mao exposed by his Lin's daughter
  60. 60How was the CCP membership purged during the Cultural Revolution?Mass denouncements, struggle meetings, public humiliations
    - 61% of politburo
    - 66% of central committee
    - 66% of regional secretaries
    - 70% of other provincial/regional officials
    - 20% of local officials
  61. 61What were Capitalist Roaders?Term used to justify any attack, such as on pragmatists like Deng Xiaoping, Liu Shaoqi, Bo Yibo
    - academics
    - bougeoisie specialists
  62. 62How were foreigners attacked during the Cultural Revolution?- 1967 Soviet, French, Indonesian embassies sieged
    - British embassy staff force to flee after threats of violence
  63. 63Winding down the Cultural Revolution 1968-76N/a
  64. 64How did the PLA restore order?PLA remained ordered and functional during the CR but did not act
    - Mao ordered the PLA to restore order and use force to suppress Red Guards if necessary
    Following the CR over 50% of those elected to Central Committee from the PLA
  65. 65What was the 'Up to the mountains and down to the villages' campaign?1968 - effectively ended red guard activity, as they had become a liability
    - approx. 17 million youths sent to countryside
    - disillusioned millions of young people, abandoned by adopted family (CCP)
  66. 66Social and cultural changes 1949-76N/a
  67. 67Changing status of womenN/a
  68. 68What was the practice of foot binding?Feet of girls broken and bound when young to make 'attractive' peg-like feet)
    - caused lifelong pain & difficulty walking
    - symbol of female subservience to men
  69. 69What was the 1950 New Marriage Law?- Raised marriage ages to 18 and 20 for women and men respectively
    - Required consent of both parties
    - Banned dowries and the sale of wives
    - Banned concubinage
    - All women in arranged marriages could divorce (unless husbands in PLA)
  70. 70What was the impact of collectivisation and the commune on women's lives?- Broke down family
    - Made women work alongside men
    - MATs free women from kitchen and childcare
    - Work rotas spread workload and housework
    - Removal of personal freedoms to decide own destiny
  71. 71What was the role of women in the family?- No property rights
    - No women's rights movement
    - Hierarchy based on marrying older brothers, age when unmarried
    - responsible for looking after the home & childcare
    - Foot binding
    - Concubinage (men could have mistresses in addition to their wife)
  72. 72What was the nature of the change to women's status?- women become less family-orientated
    - many women entered the workforce
    - increased gender equality
    - Constitution of the People's Republic of China declared men and women must have equal rights
  73. 73What was the extent of the change to women's status?empty
    - Proportion of women in education Increased from 20% pre-1949 to 96.2% under CCP
    - 39% of workforce female (1950s)
  74. 74What were the problems with changing traditional views?- Positive improvements to women's rights were not felt in remote areas
    - Preference for male children leads to huge gender imbalance in rural areas
    - Many women suffer after losing their perceived role
    - Many men uncomfortable with changes and opposed them
  75. 75What were the impacts of the Great Famine on women?- Girls would not be fed in order to prioritise male children
    - Families reportedly exchange dead daughters to eat
    - Divorces to save food or find wealthier husbands
    - Sale of wives returns - wives presented as cousins
    - Daughters would be sold to buy food
    - Female children and babies abandoned in pits beside the road in hope they would be adopted
  76. 76Education and health provisionN/a
  77. 77How did literacy grow under the CCP?Literacy rate (%)
    - 1952 - 57.9%
    - 1962 - 75.5%
    - 1970 - 86.2%
  78. 78What is Pinyin?New written language
    - introduced 1955
    - Standardised characters
  79. 79How did education collapse after 1966?Cultural Revolution
    - children not in school due to red guard activities
    - 1961- 1289 universities falls to 434 in 1965-76
  80. 80What were barefoot doctors?Institutionalised 1965
    - 6 month training courses followed by deployment to rural areas
    - 1,000,000 new doctors
    - some individual results impressive, overall not very
  81. 81What were the successes of healthcare reforms?- Mass training of doctors
    - 1952 - Great Patriotic health movement: educated about link between dirt and disease. fought against endemic diseases
  82. 82What were the failures of healthcare reforms?- Medical training brief and poor
    - Shortage of medical supplies
    - hospitals poor
    Cultural Revolution:
    - doctors have to put politics before care e.g. postpone operations to clean
    - showing pain seen as bourgeoisie, painkillers and anaesthetic denied
  83. 83Cultural changeN/a
  84. 84How was traditional culture attacked in towns?empty
  85. 85How was traditional culture attacked in the countryside?empty
  86. 86What was Jiang Qing's role in cultural change?empty
  87. 87How was revolutionary art imposed?empty
  88. 88How was revolutionary culture imposed?empty
    - 1964 Mao's Little Red Book - given to PLA, later becomes secular bible used to settle disputes, 350 million copies distrubuted
  89. 89ReligionN/a
  90. 90What were the attacks on Traditional culture under the CCP?empty
    - Buddhist monks forced to return to secular life
    - Taoist monks forced to cut hair and join communes
    - Ancient statues, relics, sites destroyed during CR
  91. 91What were the attacks on Christianity under the CCP?Religion banned under Cultural Revolution
    - Patriotic Catholic Church set up 1957, not linked to Vatican
    - Three Self Patriotic movement set up 1951 (protestant)
    -
  92. 92What were the attacks on Islam under the CCP?emptyy
    -

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Description
AS - Level History (Paper 1 (China)) Flashcards on China evidence, created by Big Dave on 03/04/2017.
Created by
Big Dave · Apr 2017
Updated
May 29, 2017
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