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Flashcards

Evaluation of Core Studies

Zoe Rossall Psychology AS level English 80 cards

Cards in this deck (80)

  1. 1MILGRAM: MethodControlled + Standardised procedures kept the same for all p's
    No control condition so no cause+effect
  2. 2MILGRAM: DataQuantitative data regarding when they withdrew themselves ~ easy to compare and gather trends
    Qualitative data shows us what they were thinking/ feeling
  3. 3MILGRAM: EthicsBefore ethical guidelines
    P's were deceived about studies aim, could not give informed consent, possibly psychologically harmed and their right to withdraw was impacted
    Were all debriefed at tend
  4. 4MILGRAM: validityHigh face validity as appears to be a way to measure obedience
    Arguably has high criterion validity as well
    Possibly measuring levels of empathy?
  5. 5MILGRAM: ecological validityNot an everyday occurrence or natural setting
    Some similarities between their situation and nazi camps however no negative consequences for p's if disobedient
  6. 6MILGRAM: reliabilitystudy replicated for all p's and similar results for all
    Standardised procedure so could be repeated and external reliability established
    Poss sample too small
  7. 7MILGRAM: SampleReasonable size
    Good representation of nazi soldiers i.e. working class, middle ages men
    H/ever sample not representative of society as a whole e.g narrow age range and no females
  8. 8MILGRAM: EthnocentrismLevels of obedience in America not necessary reflective of wider culture e.g. McCarthy era
    H/ever showed high levels of obedience exist in both Germany and America
    Response to authority figure can be applied but not authority figure themselves
  9. 9BOCCHIARO: MethodStandardised procedure that was the same for all participant's
    H/ever no control condition established so no cause+ effect established
  10. 10BOCCHIARO: DataCollected both quantitative and qualitative data
    Quantitative data in the form of these who obeyed and also results of psychometric tests~ easy to analyse and compare
  11. 11BOCCHIARO: EthicsLevel of deception about the aims of the study and what they were doing
    H/ever little harm to p's, gave some form of consent and were debriefed afterwards
  12. 12BOCCHIARO: ValidityHigh face validity as appears to be measuring obedience
    Possibly measuring whether they thought the study would be good ~ no observational data so can't see if they were actually distressed
  13. 13BOCCHIARO: Ecological validityScenario created would have seemed plausible as they thought they were taking part in uni research
    H/ever they wouldn't have experienced the repercussions of whistle blowing
  14. 14BOCCHIARO: ReliabilitySimilar results established across entire sample (quite large)
    Standardised procedure so poss of replication
    All completed same HEXACo-PI-R and SVO tests
  15. 15BOCCHIARO: SampleFairly large sample of 149 so reliable effects can be established
    H/ever all of similar age and background ie. undergraduate uni students
    Poss that self-selected sample meant they felt they had to oblige
  16. 16BOCCHIARO: EthnocentrismAs conducted in Netherlands can be seen to not be ethnocentric as shows the fact that high-obedience occurs cross culturally
  17. 17LOFTUS AND PALMER: MethodControlled laboratory experiment with standardised procedure
    Fulfils scientific criteria
  18. 18LOFTUS AND PALMER: DataCollection of quantitative data means that the results can easily be summarised and compared across groups
  19. 19LOFTUS AND PALMER: EthicsHighly ethical
    P's were able to give informed consent, not harmed (clips chosen from car safety videos and so did not have any gruesome parts) and would have been debriefed afterwards
  20. 20LOFTUS AND PALMER: ValidityHas high design validity due to standardised procedure i.e. the only thing changing was the language used
    Poss that being in a study impacted them
  21. 21LOFTUS AND PALMER: ecological validityLaboratory experiment means low in ecological validity~ not under same pressures as someone giving eye-witness testimony in real life
    Use of self-report is similar to eye-witness testimony
  22. 22LOFTUS AND PALMER: ReliabilityStandardised procedure means it could be replicated so external validity could be established
    Both studies support the theory and consistent results within each
  23. 23LOFTUS AND PALMER: SampleSample sizes for each experiment large enough to establish consistent effects
    Nature of opp sample means possibly impacted by researcher bias~ also all of similar age + education level
  24. 24LOFTUS AND PALMER: EthnocentrismCognitive processes can be seen as species-specific behaviours and therefore not ethnocentric
    Poss only reflective of how uni educated students cognitive processes work
  25. 25GRANT: MethodHighly controlled lab experiment using standardised procedure
    Independent measures design poss causes some issues
  26. 26GRANT: DataCollection of quantitative data that can be easily summarised and compared across groups
  27. 27GRANT: EthicsCompletely fulfils ethical criteria e.g. gave informed consent, debriefed, no harm
  28. 28GRANT: ValidityHigh design validity due to standardised procedure and control of extraneous variables meaning IV only thing impacting study
    H/ever independent measures design means some individual diffs could confound study
  29. 29GRANT: Ecological validityClassroom learning material (psychoimmunology) so true to real life
    Conditions potentially seemed artificial and usually revise for a test more than 2mins before
  30. 30GRANT: ReliabilityHighly controlled procedure means that study could be replicated and thus external validity could be ensured
    Consistent results amongst all
  31. 31GRANT: SampleNature of opp sample (each experimenter recruited 5 p's) means poss of bias
    All uni students and so of similar backgrounds
  32. 32GRANT: EthnocentrismCognitive processes can be seen to be species-specific behaviour and so not ethnocentric
    Poss that having a Western education might confound the study
  33. 33BANDURA: MethodUsed controlled experiment with controlled and standardised procedure e.g. toy set up was the same for each child
    2 observers for 51 P's helping to ensure inter-rater reliability
    Matched pairs design
  34. 34BANDURA: DataQuantitative data from the behavioural categories means easy to compare findings across the groups ~ analysis
    Qualitative data helped illustrate the reasons for children's behaviours
  35. 35BANDURA: EthicsEthical issues in the form of consent i.e. was given in loco-parentis, also poss that children were harmed from this study
    Nature of using children means they were not aware of right to withdraw
  36. 36BANDURA: ValidityControlled procedure in order to control for all extraneous variables e.g. models behaved the same way and toy set up was the same
    Matched-pairs means results not affected by naturally aggressive children
  37. 37BANDURA: Ecological validityToys were not usually toys for children nor was the model someone they were used to, low in ecological validity
  38. 38BANDURA: ReliabilityHighly replicable procedure and done the same for all p's
    Groups of 6 per condition means potentially too small to actually establish reliable effects
  39. 39BANDURA: SampleOnly representative of children i.e. does not tell us if young children will observe adults
    All from stamford-uni nursery so similar socio-economic backgrounds
  40. 40BANDURA: EthnocentrismGun culture in America may have affected the likelihood of children showing aggressive behaviour
    Not ethnocentric to assume that cultural norms will influence a child
  41. 41CHANEY: MethodField experiment means high in ecological valdity, however harder to control extraneous variables
    Self report increases poss of social desirability
  42. 42CHANEY: DataQuantitative data from questionairres ~ easy to see trends and analyse/compare the data
    Qualitative data in the form of what children said etc would have been useful
  43. 43CHANEY: EthicsSome level of deception about the funhaler at the beginning
    Other than this meets full ethical criteria (although consent would have been from parents)
  44. 44CHANEY: ValidityDesigned to measure adherence to funhaler
    High face validity
    Poss of social desirability confounding study
    Repeated measures design meant paricipant variables were controlled for
  45. 45CHANEY: Ecological validityNature of field experiment means quite high and true to real life
    Children not likely to have known it was for an experiment so low dc's
  46. 46CHANEY: ReliabilitySample size possibly too small to establish reliable effects
    Standardised proecudre meant it could be replicated and external reliability established
  47. 47CHANEY: SampleSample size of 32 possibly too small to establish reliable effects, also all of similar ages so cannot be sure if this would work on older children
    Appropriate to Funhaler's target pop
  48. 48CHANEY: EthnocentrismToy may not appeal to children of all cultures
    Also can only be generalised to people of young age
    Principle of positive reinforcement cold be externally applied
  49. 49SPERRY: MethodHighly controlled laboratory experiment allowing the two hemispheres to be tested seperately
    Quasi experiment means no control over participant variables
  50. 50SPERRY DataQualitative data describing their actions~ highly detailed and in depth
    Quantitaive data such as percentages may have been useful
  51. 51SPERRY EThicsConducted/can be presumed to be conducted entirely ethically
  52. 52SPERRY ValidityTasks appeared to have high design validity, clearly showing the functions of the two hemispheres
    Questionable whether abnormal brains can be representative of normal brain function
  53. 53SPERRY ecological validityVery low as the hemispheres would never receive information seperately in everyday life
    However, not an issue as Sperry showing purpose of brain regions and not looking to apply findings to wider life
  54. 54SPERRYReliabilitySmall sample of 11 means hard to establish reliable effects
    Also reported that there were varying performances even amongst those 11 people
    Quasi nature means hard to replicate
  55. 55SPERRY SampleSample size of 11 quite small
    Cannot necessarily generalise people with abnormal brains to those with normal brains
  56. 56SPERRY EthnocentrismBrain function is species sepcific behaviour and not impacted by culture, therefore can not be seen as ethnocentric
  57. 57CASEY: MethodControlled laboratory experiment means standardised and scientific
    Longitudinal natue so p variables controlled for however risk of p drop out (subject attrition)
  58. 58CASEY: DataData presented quantitatively meaning easy to summarise, compare and analyse as shown by the graphical representations
  59. 59CASEY: EthicsConsidered to be conducted entirely ethically
    e.g. the fact that p's dropped out between experiment one and twp
  60. 60CASEY: ValidityHigh levels of control so high in design validity as participant variables controlled for
    Also use of fMRI machine means they can be sure they were measuring brain function
  61. 61CASEY: Ecological validityTasks don't have a direct equivalent in everyday life
    fMRI scanner could have impacted p's performances
  62. 62CASEY: ReliabilityConsistent effects found for all p's establishing high internal reliability
    Longitudinal nature means cannot be repeated easily
  63. 63CASEY: SampleSubject attrition from 562 -> 59 -> 26 ~ lowers the representativeness of the study e.g. only 4 females low delayers so sample poss not generalisable to orginal sample
  64. 64CASEY: EthnocentrismBrain functiotion is a species specific behaviour so thought to not be ethnocentric
    However conducted in USA which is a culture of consumerism so possibly more low delayers present than normal
  65. 65FREUD: MethodCase study meant that highly detailed data could be found
    However, only studies one person in depth so not generalisable
    Subjective nature of Freud's analysis
  66. 66FREUD: DataThe data collected was highly detailed qualitative data in the form of reports from Hans' father
    Analysis therefore subjective
  67. 67FREUD: EthicsHans' confidentiality was protected and it is believed he was aware he was being studied (no level of deception)
    Hans' parents would have been the ones to give informed consent
  68. 68FREUD: ValidityQuestionable of whether Freud's interpretations were valid or if they were impacted by observer bias etc
    Leading questions also used by Hans' father
    Whether Hans' recovery was due to psychoanalysis or growing out of his fears is questionable
  69. 69FREUD: Ecological validityData collected by converations with this father whcih would not have been different to normal life, also all completed in his home
  70. 70FREUD: ReliabilitySample size of one is to small to establish whether all children progress through the psychosexual stages of development
  71. 71FREUD: SampleSample size of 1 too small to establish reliable effects about psychosexual development
    Hans may not be generalisable to wider pop e.g. can the development of a boy be applied to tha of a girl
  72. 72FREUD: EthnocentrismPhobias common in children across the world and Freud would argue it is species specific behaviour
    However whether Hans' experiences are generalisable across cultures is questionable
  73. 73BARON-COHEN: MethodControlled quasi experiment using standardised procedure
    No steps taken to ensure valid + range of sampling methods
  74. 74BARON-COHEN: DataCollected quantitative data meaning groups could easily be compared and analysis and trends could be found
  75. 75BARON-COHEN: EthicsWhilst not confirmed can be assumed to have been conducted highly ethically
    Aspects of social sensitive i.e. use of minor and vulnerable groups (potential of stigmatisation and harm) however shown to be put t good use
  76. 76BARON-COHEN: ValidityNo. steps taken to ensure validity i.e. panel of 8 judges deciding on emotions, inclusion of strange-stories task for concurrent validity, other tasks to check deficits weren't due to other factors
    Tourette's group checked if wasn't just due to childhood onset disorders and groups matched on age and intelligence
    However use of semantic options means not as valid
  77. 77BARON-COHEN: Ecological validitySimpler than demands of real life e.g. emotions static and not moving (albeit only shown briefly)
  78. 78BARON-COHEN: ReliabilityHighly standardised procedure so poss of replication
    The faces were judged by a panel of 8 judges to check it was objective
    Group sizes reasonably sized
  79. 79BARON-COHEN: SampleParticipants were matched on poss extraneous factors and also recruited through combination of diff sampling techniques
  80. 80BARON-COHEN: EthnocentrismHFA and AS occur regardless of culture (genetic components) so not ethnocentric to only test on sample from UK
    However, some cultures have more experience identifying emotions through just eyes

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AS level Psychology (c02) Flashcards on Evaluation of Core Studies, created by Zoe Rossall on 16/05/2017.
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Zoe Rossall
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