Flashcards
Eyewitness Testimony Events
Cards in this deck (12)
- 1BasicsCourts/legal institutions rely heavily on eyewitness accounts
Since 70s - can be very unreliable, not accurate
DNA testing can fix this, 75% innocence found
Cognitive interview improves recall accuracy too - 2Influence: Cognitive FactorsDistortions: Confirmation bias, ambiguity, anxiety stress/threat
Leading questions - interference
Individual Differences: sex, intelligence, race, age , confidence - 3Bartlett, 1932Memory influenced by expectations
Confirmation bias - observers expectations, 'what must have been true' - 4'What must have been true errors'Memory influenced by what you already know
(What does a bank robber look like?) - 5Stress/AnxietyMeta-analysis of effects of stress on
Face identity
Culprit, scene details, actions of central characters
High stress/anxiety = poor accuracy - 6Threat = weapon focusLoftus and Messo, 1987
Weapon focus refers to concentration of some witness's attention on a weapon during a crime
Found more fixations on gun for longer
Poorer recall for details not related to gun in gun condition - 7Why?Weapon poses threat
Unexpected and captures attention
Weapon effect occurs because gun is unexpected - 8Focus outside labEvidence = mised
Across 300 line ups presence of weapon does not improve identification
Police reports show evidence of weapon focus - 9Leading QuestionsLoftus and Palmer, 1974
Retroactive/proactive interferences
Providing misleading info about event impairs recall accuracy
Big implications for interviewing witness - 10Why/how memory is disrupted1) Misattribution of source
2) Social pressure (conformity)
3) Overwriting (biasing effect) Lotus - 11Eyewitness ConfidenceJuries influenced by confidence of witness
- Not a good indicator in accuracy
Feeling of knowing = recognition judgement
Confidence = retrieval process - 12The cognitive interview (Gieselman, fisher, mackinnon and holland, 1985)Four rules:
Mental reinstatement of environment and personal contact during crime
Encouraging report of every detail
Describe incident in different ways
Describe incident details in several different others
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- Undergraduate Cognitive Flashcards on Eyewitness Testimony Events, created by bthnyrose on 22/05/2014.
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- bthnyrose
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