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Flashcards by Karima Ranieri, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Karima Ranieri
almost 7 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| After the Arab Rebellion of 1936-9, what did David-Ben Gurion recognise? | - That only war, not negotiation, would resolve the conflict. |
| What did the British partition plan 1937 entail? | - In 1937, at the height of the Rebellion, the British government set up an inquiry led by Lord Peel. - The Peel Commission concluded that cooperation between Jews and Arabs was impossible. - Therefore, they recommended the Partition of Palestine into two states. |
| How did the Arabs react? | - They rejected the plan. Most believed that the whole of Palestine should be an independent Arab state and that the British promised this to them. |
| How did the Zionists react? | - The Jewish agency agreed to the partition plan even though they wanted more land than they were allocated under it. - Many knew that they would eventually have to fight to defend a Jewish state. - Some leaders, including David Ben-Gurion, wanted all of Palestine. - Ben-Gurion accepted the plan because he knew the Jews were not yet strong enough to demand for more. |
| What did the British government White Paper of 1939 entail? | - When the rebellion ended, the British government feared friendship between Arab leaders and Germany during WW2. - The government therefore issued a special White Paper, demanding that Britain wanted an independent Palestine within ten years. - This would be neither a Jewish state nor an Arab one but one in which Arabs and Jews shared responsibility for governing the country. - A quota of 10,000 Jewish immigrants would be allowed for each of the following five years. - 25,000 Jewish refugees were to be admitted. - After a period of 5 years, no further Jewish immigration would be permitted unless the Arabs of Palestine agree to it. |
| What did the UN partition plan of November 1947 entail? | - The United Nations General Assembly voted to accept the division of Palestine. - Jews were given 55% of the overall territory. - Jerusalem was to be an international zone. |
| What was the Arab response to the UN partition plan November 1947? | - They rejected it. - Jews were given larger areas and many Palestinian cities containing large Arab majorities, like Haifa and Jaffa were to be part of the Jewish state. |
| What was the Jewish response to the UN partition plan November 1947? | - They officially accepted the plan despite the exclusion of Jerusalem from the Jewish state. |
| After the first Arab-Israeli war 1948-9, what were the armistice agreements between Egypt and Israel? | - The armistice agreements confirmed Egypt and Israels pre-war boundaries while the Gaza area of Arab Palestine came under Egyptian military rule. |
| After the first Arab-Israeli war 1948-9, what were the armistice agreements between Jordan and Israel? | - King Abdullah wanted to keep control of the West Bank and the Old City of Jerusalem. This area was to be incorporated into his kingdom. - The Israelis kept control of the western part of Jerusalem. - They preferred a partition Jerusalem to the international zone. |
| After the first Arab-Israeli war 1948-9, what were the armistice agreements between Syria and Israel? | - In July 1948, the UN established a demilitarised zone between the borders of Israel and Syria. |
| What was the 'perpetual war'? Were the Arab and Israelis willing to make peace? | - Arab were willing to negotiation over borders. - The Arab League felt that Israel had created the refugee problem and that the refugees had the right to turn to their homes or be compensated by Israel. - The Israelis claimed that Arabs had created the refugee problem by invading Israel and starting the war. They wanted the refugees to be settled outside of Israel. |
| What was the 'perpetual war'? What were the obstacles to peace for the Arabs and Israelis? | - Public opinion in Arab countries: they were bitter over their defeat. - Israeli government: felt peace with Arab neighbours was not worth the price of giving up territory or agreeing to the return of a large number of Palestinian refugees. - Israel decided against permanent peace with the Arabs, its priorities was instead to build a new state, implement Jewish immigration and consolidate independence. |
| King Abdullah and the Israelis before the war in 1948-9 What did King Abdullah discuss in his secret meeting? | - He had let it be known that he found the Palestinian Arab state weak and wished to attach to his state. - He also led Jewish leaders to believe that he would not invade territory allocated to the new Jewish state. - A mutual understanding was established between them. - Indeed, during the war the Arab Legion made little effort to stop the Israelis seizing west Jerusalem. Nor did the Legion invade the territory of the new Jewish state. - Furthermore, the Arab Legion remained neutral when the Israelis fought Egyptian forces in the second and third phases of war. - They were 'the best of enemies' |
| Suez Crisis of 1956: What did the UN do to implement peace? | - On 6th November, the UN declared a ceasefire and later ordered the British and French to withdraw. - Israelis withdrew from Sinai, and UN troops moved in to guard the border between Egypt and Israel. - UN forces were also sent to Gaza to prevent more raids on Israel. - UN forces to to Sharm el-Sheikh to guard the passage of Israeli shipping through the Straits of Tiran. |
| After the Six-day War of 1967, what did the UN Resolution 242 entail? | - In November 1967, the UN called for permanent peace based on: - The withdrawal of Israeli armed forces from occupied territories. - Respect for the right of every state in the area. - The Resolution supported the Arabs on the issue of land and supported Israel on the issue of peace and security. - Egypt and Jordan accepted and recognised Israel's right to exist. - Israel found that its occupation of Arab land gave it added security while the Arabs insisted on Israeli withdrawal as a first step to peace. |
| Peacemaking at Camp David 1978 What agreements did US Secretary of State, Henry Kissinger, secure? | - Israeli forces to withdraw from Suez Canal area and part of the Golan Heights. - In each area, UN buffer zones were inserted between the troops of the two sides. - The agreement on Suez enabled Egypt to clear the Canal, which was reopened in 1975, and to start rebuilding the cities along the Canal which had been devastated by Israeli shelling from 1969 to 1970. |
| US President Carter's plan for peace What was his aim? | - Jimmy Carter was elected US President in 1976. - He was keen to find a solution the the Palestinian problem. |
| Menachem Begin What was his aim? | - In June 1977, a new government led by Menachem Begin came to power in Israel. - He had been the leader of Irgun. - Begin's government was committed to continued Israeli control of the West Bank and Gaza. |
| Menachem Begin What was he willing/not willing to do in terms of establishing peace with the Arabs? | - He was prepared to do a deal over Sinai in order to secure peace with Egypt, but not over the West Bank. - He refused to consider the idea of a Palestinian homeland. - Refused to talk to the PLO. - His government approved the continued building of Israeli settlements on the West Bank and round Jerusalem. |
| What surprising event happened in 1977? | Sadat flies to Israel to negotiate a peace treaty. |
| What did Sadat want? | - Permanent peace because 4 wars with Israel had cost many lives and money. - Wanted the return of occupied Arab territories including Arab east Jerusalem. - Wanted Israel to recognise Palestinian statehood and secure boundaries. |
| Agreements and disagreements at Camp David, September 1978 | - Begin was unwilling to give up the West Bank. - Begin wanted to keep all of Jerusalem. - He insisted on retaining the settlements and airfields which the Israelis had built in Sinai. - Sadat wanted east Jerusalem. - A framework for peace was signed, this dealt with the Palestinian problem. - It provided for the election of a self-governing Palestinian authority and 'full autonomy' for the inhabitants of the West Bank and Gaza to replace the Israeli military government. - It recognised the legitimate rights of the Palestinian people, but refused them any right of self-determination. - A framework for peace between Israel and Egypt was signed. - This meant Israeli forces would withdraw from the remaining part of Sinai. - Egypt would regain all of Sinai within three years. - Israeli shipping to have free passage through the Suez Canal and the Straits of Tiran. |
| How did the Palestinians and Arab world feel about the agreement? | Betrayed. |
| What did the Treaty of Washington 1979 entail? | In March 1979, six months after Camp David, the Egyptian and Israeli leaders signed the Treaty of Washington which confirmed what the two sides had agreed at Camp David. |
| How did Israel feel about the peace treaty with Egypt? | More secure, they traded land for peace with the Arabs biggest military power. |
| What was the Egyptian reaction? | - They gained all of Sinai within three years which was their main objective during the Yom Kippur War in 1973. - Egyptians could now rebuild their economy. - They were given $1.5 billion from US over the next three years. - Most Egyptians were pleased with Sadat putting Egypt's interests first. - Others, mainly Islamists, turned against Sadat for making peace with the enemy. |
| What happened in 1981? | - During a military parade in Cairo, Anwar Sadat was assassinated by a group of Islamic extremists within the army. |
| How did the Arab world react to the treaty 1979? | - Arab states cut off all relations with Egypt and moved the headquarters of the Arab League from Cairo to the Tunisian capital. - They closed their embassies in Cairo and broke off trade with Egypt. - It would take over twenty years for Egypt to be fully accepted in the Arab world again. |
| How did the Palestinians feel at this period of time? | - Vulnerable - More exposed to an expansionist Israel - Israel settlement continued - In September Israel passed a law allowing its citizens to buy Arab land on the West Bank and in 1980, Israel declared Jerusalem to be the capital of Israel. - Israel did not recognise the PLO |
| The Madrid conference 1991 | - In October |
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