Flashcards
attachment
Cards in this deck (49)
- 1Caregiver-infant interactionsReciprocity and Interactional Synchrony
- 2Reciprocity researchFeldmen and Eidelmen
Mothers respond to infant alertness two-thirds of time
Feldman
From 3 months increasingly frequent - verbal signals and facial expressions
Brazelton et al
its a dance - 3Interactional synchronyMeltzoff and Moore
interactional synch observed as young as 2 weeks old - i call bs lol
Isabella et al
Observed 30 mothers and infants for degree of synchrony and quality of attachment
high levels of synchrony = better attachment - 4Parent- infant attachmentSchaffer and Emerson
Majority of babies attach to mother first and within a few weeks or months form secondary attachments
75% to father by 18 months - 5Role of fatherGrossman - longitudinal study
Quality of infant attachment with mother not father was related to adolescent attachment suggesting fathers role less important
Play role instead of nurture - 6Fathers as primary carersTiffany Field - filmed 4 month olds
attachment is the level of responsiveness not the gender of parent
Primary caregiver father spent more time interacting - 7Schaffer and Emerson study60 babies from Glasgow working class families
Mothers visited at Homes every month for first year then at 18 months
Asked question about separation anxiety and stranger anxiety - 8Schaffer and Emerson findingsBetwen 25 - 32 weeks 50% of babies showed signs of Separation anxiety towards particular adult
Attachment was to caregiver who was most interactive and sensitive
40 weeks 80% of babies had specific and attachment
30% had multiple attachments - 9Stages of attachmentAsocial
Indiscriminate
Specific
Multiple - 10Lorenz's researchImprinting
divided clutch of goose eggs half w mother half first thing they saw was Lorenz
Incubator group followed Lorenz everywhere
Critical period when imprinting needs to take place - 11Sexual imprintingPeacock and Giant tortoise
As an adult peacock would show courting behaviour to a giant tortoise
lol - 12Harlow's research16 baby monkeys with two wire models
1 Condition - milk dispensed by pain wire
2 - milk by cloth mother
baby monkeys cuddled soft object in preference to wire once
'Contact comfort' more important that food when it came to attachment - 13Maternally deprived monkeys as adultsPermanent effect
Severe consequences - did not develop normal social behaviour
more aggressive and less social
bred less often
attacked their children - 14Critical period for normal developmentAttachment had to occur within 90 days for an attachment to form
After this time it was impossible and damage was irreversible - 15Explanations of attachmentLearning theory
Bowlby's theory - 16Classical conditioningFood is unconditioned stimulus
Being fed = pleasure (UCR)
Caregiver is natural stimulus
Caregiver paired with food
Caregiver produces conditioned response of pleasure - 17Operant conditioningCrying leads to response from caregiver e.g feeding
As long as caregiver gives the right response - crying is reinforced
Crying for comfort towards the caregiver who responds with comforting 'social suppressor' behaviour
Negative reinforcement for parent - crying stops - 18Attachment as a secondary driveHunger is a primary drive - its innate and we are motivated to eat in order to reduce hunger drive
Attachment is a secondary drive as association between caregiver and satisfaction of primary drive - 19Bowlby's monotropic theoryEmphasis on a child's attachment to one particular caregiver
Monotropy
Law of continuity and accumulated separation
Social releasers
Critical period
IWM - 20Bowlby's two principlesLaw of continuity
Law of accumulated separation - 21Social releasers and critical periodinnate 'cute' behaviours activate an adults attachment system
attachment is reciprocal process
Critical period more of a sensitive period
Up til age of two - 22IWMChild who first experiences loving relationship with reliable caregiver tend for form an expectation that all relationships are like that
Affects childs later ability to parent themselves - 23Strange Situation ProcedureControlled observation
Lab experiment
Two-way mirror (just a fucking window) - 24Behaviours to judge attachmentProximity seeking
Exploration and secure-base behaviour
Stranger anxiety
Separation anxiety
Response to reunion - 257 episodes1 - Child encouraged to explore
2 - Stranger comes in and tries to interact with the child
3 - Caregiver leaves the child and stranger together
4 - Caregiver returns and stranger leaves
5 - Caregiver leaves child alone
6 - Stranger returns
7 - Caregiver returns and is reunited with the child - 26SS FindingsSecure 60-75%
Insecure - avoidant 20-25%
Insecure - resistant 3% - 27Key cultural variations studyVan IJzedoorn
Meta-analysis of 32 studies in 8 countries that used the SS
15 studies were in USA - 28Cultural variations key study findingsSecure most common attachment
75% Britain to 50% China
Insecure resistant least common
3% Britain 30% Israel
Insecure avoidant Japan 5% 35% Germany
Variations within country 150% higher - 29Italian studySimonella et al 2014
76 12 month olds using the SS
50% secure 36% avoidant
Mothers working long hours and use childcare - 30Korean studyJin et al
87 children
Only one child avoidant
Japan and Korea similar child rearing styles - 31Maternal deprivationBowlby
Continual nurture from mother or mother substitute is essential for normal psych development
Seperation vs Deprivation
Critical period
Effects of development
Thieves study - 32Separation vs deprivationSeparation - child not in presence of primary attachment
Only becomes an issue for development when child is deprived e.g they lose an element of their care - 33Critical periodFirst 30 months of life
If deprived for an extended period during this time psychological damage is inevitable - 34Effects on developmentIntellectual development - Mental retardation, abnormally low IQ
Goldfarb found lower IQ in institutioned kids vs those fostered
Emotional development - affection-less psychopathy, dont experience guilt or strong emotion, prevents child developing normal relationships - 3544 Thieves study44 criminal teenagers accused of stealing
All interviewed for signs of attectionless psychopathy
Families interviewed to establish if prolonged early separation had occurred from mothers
Control group of non criminal but emotionally disturbed kids - 3644 thieves findings14 out of 44 thieves affectionless psychopaths
12 of these had prolonged separation
5 of remaining 30 had experience separation
Control group 2 of 44 had separation - 37Rutters ERA165 Romanian orphans adopted in Britain assessed for physical, cognitive and emotional developments at 4, 6, 11 and 15
Control group 52 British children adopted at same time - 38Rutters ERA mental retardation findingsWhen first arrived half showed signs of mental retardation
Age 11 differential rates of recovery
IQ of those adopted before 6 months 102
6 months to 2 years 86
After 2 years 77
Differences remained at age 16 - 39Rutter's ERA Attachment findingsAdopted after 6 months - disinhibited attachment - attention seeking, clinginess, indiscriminate social behaviour
Adopted before 6 months rarely showed disinhibited attachment - 40Bucharest Early Intervention ProjectZeanah et al
95 children aged 12-31months who had spent most of lives in institutional care
Control group 50 kids never in institution
Attachment measured by SS and carers asked about unusual social behaviour - 41Bucharest Early Intervention Project Findings74% of control securely attached
19% of Institution group securely attached
65% disorganised attachment
Disinhibited attachment applied to 44% but only 20% of control - 42Effects of insitutionalisationDisinhibited attachment - equally friends and affectionate to people they just met and know well
This is an adaptation to living with multiple caregivers
Mental retardation - those adopted before 6 months caught up by age of 4
Damage to intellectual development can be recovered if adopted before 6 months - 43Influence of early attachment on later relationshipsIWM
Relationships in later childhood (bullying)
Relationships in adulthood with romantic partners
Relationships in adulthood as a parent - 44IWMQuality of child's first attachment crucial as will affect nature of future relationships
Loving first relationship, child assumes this is how relationships meant to be, seek out functional relationship, not too uninvoled or too emotionally close or controlling and argumentative - 45Relationships in later childhoodSecurely attached - best quality childhood friendships
Bullying behaviour Peter Smith
196 children 7-11
Secure - not involved in bullying
Resistant - bullies
Avoidant - victims - 46Relationships in adulthood w romantic partners Study 1McCarthy studied 40 adult women who had been assessed for attachment type as infants
Secure - best friendships and romantic relationships
Resistant - problems maintaining relationships
Avoidant - struggled with intimacy - 47Relationships in adulthood w romantic partners Study 2Hazan and Shaver
620 replies to 'love quiz' printed in American local newspaper
1 - assessed current or most important relationship
2 - general love experiences
3 - attachment type - 48Relationships in adulthood w romantic partners Study 2 findings56% securely attached
25% avoidant
19% resistant
Secure - longer lasting good relaitonships
Avoidant - fear of intimacy and jealousy - 49Relationships in adulthood as a parentBailey et al
99 mothers assessed for attachment to their babies and attachment to their own mothers
Used SS
Majority had same classification to both babies and their own mothers
Based parenting style on IWM
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- A2 Psychology Flashcards on attachment, created by Emily O'Dell on 05/06/2017.
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- Emily O'Dell
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