The Great Turn

Question	Answer
What was the 'great compromise of 1921'?	The swerve away from war communism to the NEP
When was the 'Great Turn'?	Between 1927 to 1929
What did the 'Great Turn' consist of?	The abandonment of NEP and the economy rapidly industrialising- whatever the costs.
What did this mark the end of?	The end of the Leninist phase of the Bolshevik state and the start of Stalinism.
What was industrialisation badly hit by before the 'Great Turn'?	WW1 and the Civil War
When was there a degree of industrial recovery?	After 1921- however, it was slow and patchy
How was production weakened?	Strikes, managerial inefficiency and low levels of mechanisation
Who did officials blame?	Nepmen because they allegedly obstructed central planners (Gosplan and Veshenka); factory managers blamed government officials for interfering and demanding unrealistically low prices
What were the problems of industrialisation closely linked to?	Agriculture and collectivisation
Why did the government rely on stable food supplies and grain surpluses?	To feed the industrial workers and help pay for investment and machinery
How many of the peasant population were working on collective farms by 1928?	Less than 5%
Give the key reasons why the regime was pushed towards a change in policy by 1927	-Weaknesses in industrial management -Drive towards industrialisation was perceived to be going too slowly -Huge crisis in grain procurement in the winter of 1927 to 1928 -Party began to get impatient to revert to true communist ideology in managing the economy -Stalin's changing attitude to economic policy
When was the first Five Year Plan?	1928
What were the main aims of the first Five Year plan? (Name 2)	Develop heavy industry Boost overall production by 300 percent Improve transport systems Transform society by electrification- six times more electric power by 1933 than total in 1928 Increase agricultural production Double light industry
How did Stalin believe it was possible to achieve these goals?	Through mass enthusiasm from the workers from propaganda
What was the state planning agency called?	Gosplan
Give a consequence of not achieving a production target	Being labelled a 'wrecker' It was a criminal offence to not fulfill a target so people feared going to prison.
When did the Second Five Year Plan take place?	1933-1937
What were the aims of the second Five Year Plan?	Continue the development of heavy industry Promote the growth of light industries Develop communications to provide links between cities and other industrial areas Foster engineering and tool-making
Why did Gosplan struggle during the plans?	They did not receive accurate information about production so it meant calculations about the amount of resources needed were wrong. Regional party leaders argued with Gosplan because they believed the resources should go to them first
How did the party label the years 1934-36?	The 'three good years'
When did the Moscow Metro open?	1935
When did the Volga canal open?	1937
How much did steel production increase by?	It trebled
How much did coal production increase by?	It doubled
What was the percentage of GDP spent on rearmament in 1933 and 1937	4% in 1933 17% in 1937
When did the Third Five Year Plan start and finish?	1938-1942
What did the plan have a particular focus on?	Focused on the needs of the defense sector because of the growing threat of Nazi Germany. The plan was disrupted by the approach of war in 1941
Give the aims of the plan	Place a renewed emphasis on heavy industry Promote rapid rearmament Complete the transition to communism
How was spending affected between 1938 to 1940?	It doubled.
What effect did the increase in armament production have on other industries?	Steel production stagnated Oil failed to make targets Shortage of raw materials
What effect did Stalin's purges have on the Five Year Plans?	They resulted in a lack of technicians and experts which slowed down production and industrialisation.

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