Psychology A1

Psychology A1

1. Memory

   • Sensory
     • Duration: fractions of a second
     • Capacity: too small to quantify
     • Encoding: raw form
   • STM
     • Duration: 20-30s
       • Peterson and Peterson: Consonant Trigrams/Counting backwards.
       • Factors affecting
         • Maintenance rehearsal
         • Deliberate intention to recall
         • Amount of information to be retained
     • Capacity: 7 +/- 2
       • Baddeley: Word Length: remember more short than long words
       • Factors affecting
         • Rhythmic grouping
         • Influence of LTM
         • Reading aloud
         • Pronunciation time
     • Encoding: Acoustic/Visual
       • Baddeley: acoustically and semantically similar/dissimilar words (A,S 55%, A,D 75%)
       • Factors affecting
         • Other ways to encode
         • The sound of words
   • LTM
     • Duration: Lifetime
       • Bahrick et al: Year book; recall less accurate than matching
       • Factors affecting
         • How duration is measured
         • Thorough learning
         • Childhood amnesia
     • Capacity: limitless "permastore"
     • Encoding: Semantic
   • Eyewitness Testimony
     • Cognitive Interview
       • Recall every detail
       • Recall events in a different order
       • Different perspective
       • Recreate the context
     • Anxiety
       • Loftus: Weapon focus phenomenom
     • Age
       • Elderly
         • Alzheimer's
         • Schemas
       • Children
         • Demand Characteristics "look good"
     • Consequences
       • More accurate when outcomes are severe
     • How the witnesses are tested
       • Forced = more inaccurate than volunteered
     • Leading questions
       • "a barn" / "THE barn"
     • Misleading information
       • Barn or no barn, group with misled 17% fell for it
   • Improvement
     • Loci
     • Mneumonics
     • Pay attention
     • Elaborate rehearsal
     • State dependent retrieval - mood and setting
     • Peg words
   • Models
     • WMM
     • MSM
   • Interface
     • Proactive - old interferes with new
     • Retroactive - new interferes with old

2. Attachment

   • Learning theory (Behavioural)
     • Classical Conditioning
       • Unconditioned reinforcer
         • Conditioned response
       • Association
       • Pavlov's dogs
     • Operant conditioning
       • Drive state
         • Rewards
     • Cupboard love
       • Harlow and Harlow's monkeys
   • A strong emotional, reciprocal bond between infant and primary caregiver
     • 4 Criteria
       • Orientates around primary caregiver
       • Distress upon separation
       • Pleasure upon reunion
       • Seek proximity, particularly when stressed
   • Evolutionary (Bowlby)
     • Innate programming
       • Imprinting
         • Lorenz' goslings
       • Infants' temperament
       • Caregiver Sensitivity Hypothesis
     • Critical period
       • 2½ years
         • Sensitive period, adoption
     • Continuity hypothesis
       • Monotropy
       • Internal working model
   • Disruptions in Attachment
     • Separation: time apart from primary caregiver with the intent of reunition
     • Deprivation: prolonged separation
     • Privation: no attachment at all
       • Reactive Attachment Disorder
         • "Crazy Beth" - Child of Rage
           • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g2-Re_Fl_L4
   • Day Care
   • Strange Situation
     • Ainsworth and Method
     • Cultural Variation
       • Takahashi
         • Japanese children, extremely distressed and couldn't complete
       • Kroonenberg and Van Ijzendoorn
         • Collectivist
           • China, lowest
         • Individualistic
           • UK, highest secure
         • 8 countries, 32 studies; meta analysis - 70% Secure, 15% IR, 15% IA
     • Types
       • Secure
       • Insecure Avoidant
       • Insecure Resistant

3. Research Methods

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