NSF Anatomy

NSF Anatomy

1. Types of Anatomy

   • Gross
     • Can be seen with naked eye
   • Microscopic
     • Histology
   • Topographic
     • How structures relate spatially to one another
   • Systemic
     • Body systems regardless of region
       • Cardiorespiratory
       • Gastrointestinal
       • Reproductive
   • Regional
     • All structures present in one region
       • Forelimb
       • Head
       • Thorax
   • Developmental
     • From embryo to adulthood
   • Radiographic
     • Being able to correctly interpret radiographic images
   • Morbid
     • Pathology

2. ------------------------------Body---------------------------

   • Dorsal (towards back)
   • Ventral (towards belly)
   • Cranial (towards head)
   • Caudal (towards tail)

3. Above Carpus/Tarsus

   • Proximal (towards trunk)
   • Distal (away from trunk)
   • Cranial
   • Caudal

4. Median Plane: (LHS & RHS)

   • Medial (towards median plane)
   • Lateral (away from median plane)

5. Head

   • Rostral (towards nose)
   • Caudal (towards tail)

6. Below Carpus/Tarsus

   • Proximal
   • Distal
   • Dorsal
   • Palmer/Plantar

7. Paw

   • Axial (towards centre digit)
   • Abaxial (away from centre digit)

8. Movement

   • Flexion (reduces angle)
   • Extension (increases angle)
   • Abduction (away from median plane)
   • Adduction (towards median plane)
   • Supination (palm upwards)
   • Pronation (palm downwards)
   • Ventral recumbency (lying on belly)
   • Dorsal recumbancy (lying on back)
   • Protraction (moving limb forwards)
   • Retraction (moving limb backwards)

9. Radiography

   • Dorsoventral (ventral on plate, dorsal in air)
   • Dorsopalmer (palmer on plate, dorsal in air))
   • Rostrocaudal (caudal on plate, rostral in air)
   • Left lateral (L lateral recumbency, L on plate)
   • Right lateral (R lateral recumbency, R on plate)

10. Locomotion

    • Walk (LH, LF, RH, RF)
    • Trot (LF + RH, RF + LH)
    • Canter (RH, LH+RF, LF -> left lead)
    • Gallop (RH, LH, RF, LF -> left lead)
    • Horse
      • Rigid vertebral column
      • Propulsion by limbs
      • Flexed suspension phase
    • Cat
      • Flexible vertebral column
      • Propulsion by spine
      • Flexed and extended suspension phase

11. Skeleton

    • Axial
      • Vertebral Column
      • Skull
      • Ribcage
    • Appendicular
      • Forelimb
      • Hindlimb
    • Bones
      • Types
        • Flat
          • Scapula
          • Pelvis
          • Large SA for muscle attachment
          • Protection of underlying structures
        • Long
          • Humerus
          • Femur
          • Support & leverage in limbs
        • Short
          • Carpus
          • Tarsus
          • Long range of movement
          • Anti-concussive
        • Sesamoid
          • Embedded in tendons
          • Change in angle over bony surface
          • Reduce friction to prevent damage
      • Features
        • Smooth SA
          • Passage of tendons
          • Articular surfaces resistant to deformation
        • Rough SA
          • Muscle attachment
        • Specific Bony Contours
          • Attachment of important structures