India After Independence

India After Independence

1. Economic problems

   • Farm and allied sector
   • Human Resource Under-developed
   • Planning
     • Establishment of Plan. Com in 1950
     • Mixed Planning
     • 2nd 5 year plan
       • Steel and Dam
         • Gandhi Sagar Bandh(1st Dam)
       • Heavy State regulation
     • Relied on heavy public participation

2. Communal problems and diversity issues

3. Constitution

   • Franchise for >21 years
   • Rule of law
     • Resent Communalism
   • Minorities protected
   • Reservation and abolition of Untouchability
   • Constituent Assembly
     • Elected in 1945-46
     • Threats and Opposition
       • Socialist claim non-autonomy of C.A
         • Somnath Lahiri Claimed Viceroy's permission still meant non independent Assembly
       • Muslim League demand separation
       • Mostly Congress
       • Elected not with Uni. Adult Franchise
     • Successes
       • Although single party but voiced everyone's opinions
       • Public Opinion taken
       • Deliberations on cultural rights and social justice
     • Objectives Resolution 13/12/1946
       • Necessary to look west
         • French Revolution,Russian Revolution
         • Learn from their experience
       • Fuse Liberal Democracy with socialist economic justice
       • Context of Social Reformers
         • Swami Vivekananda, Jyotiba Phule tried to bring social reforms
       • Aspirations of people must be reflected
       • Poor the real Minority?(NC Ranga)
         • Essential to create conditions to effectively Exercise Rights
         • Tribal people
           • Forced from their natural source of livelihood,home.
     • Separate Electorate Two Views
       • For Separate(P.Bahadur)
         • Understanding of aspirations
         • Cannot choose apt leader
       • Against Separation
         • Creation was based on dis-harmonizing
         • Fear of riots and civil war
         • In long run make them vulnerable and isolated
       • Conclusion
         • Need to think as citizen above any identity
     • Powers of State
       • Greater Powers
         • Center will be overburdened
         • Weaken States fiscal
           • Borrowing from center
         • Continued disputes with states
       • Nominal Powers
         • Cannot ensure peace
         • International Representation less powerful
       • Fiscal Federalism
     • Language of Business
       • Pro-Hindi
         • Unifying with mix of all languages
         • Majority already versed
         • Stood for Integrity of Nation
         • Culturally evolved from Sanskrit
       • Pro English
         • Popular dissatisfaction in South
         • Although Hindi Programs in South, can't stop nationalism(south)
         • Hindi dominance fearful to other languages @ center
       • Hindi Only as OFFICIAL LANGUAGE, but change needed in 15 years

4. Formation of States

   • Pretext of division on religious grounds
   • Linguistic division
     • Creation of Andhra, Potti Sriramulu
     • State Re-organization Commission 1956

5. India's Foreign Policy

   • Non Aligned Movement
     • Not necessarily "Neutral"/"Isolated"
     • Humanitarian stand
     • Mostly Newly independent states

6. Achievements and Discredits

   • Stayed United
   • Faith in rule of law
   • Many social,economic inequalities persist.

7. Communalism

   • Pre-Partition Unity and Distress
     • Quit India Movement
     • Indian National Army Support
     • Royal Indian Navy Sympathy
     • Great Calcutta Killings 1946 August
   • Post Partition Problems

8. Princely State Consolidation