Memory

1. Frontal
   1. Organisation of Memory and inforamtion
   2. Pre-Frontal
      1. HERA model: LPFC => Encodes RPFC => Retrieval
2. Temporal
   1. Autobiographic
   2. Episodic
   3. Semantic
   4. Recognition and Familiarity
3. Parietal
   1. Involved in attention, so damage effects working memory.
4. Occipital
   1. Recognition of visual objects

1. Hippocampus

   Annotations:

   • Associated with a vast amount of research into memory. Strong ties.
   1. Cognitive Maps
   2. Encoding, particularly episodic

      Annotations:

      • Studies have demonstrated it is possible to learn new semantic information without a functioning hippocampus, however not for episodic information
   3. Cognitive Maps
      1. London Cab drivers
2. Area in which most memory research has focused
3. Basal Ganglia
   1. Operant conditioning
   2. Learning Motor Skills
4. Amygdala
   1. Emotional Memory
      1. Esp fear
   2. Emotional Conditioning

1. Multi Store Model of memory
   1. Sensory Information
      1. STM
         1. Attention
         2. Encoding
            1. LTM
               1. Retrieval
                  1. STM
   2. LTM

1. Developed as an attempt to better explain the STM compenent of memory
2. Central Executive
   1. Episodic Buffer
   2. Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad
   3. Phonological Loop

1. Verbal
2. Non-Verbal
3. Implicit vs explicit
   1. Implicit (Non-Declarative)
   2. Explicit (Declarative)
      1. Semantic Memory
      2. Episodic Memory

1. Future
   1. Stem Cells
   2. Drug Treatments for AD
2. Little evidence of any effective appraoches
   1. Golstein and McNeil 2012

1. Enhanced Learning
   1. Koning, Haanstra and Deelman 1991
      1. Memory Rules training
         1. Attention
            1. Concertrate
            2. Avoid Distactions
         2. Time
            1. Effective, Frequently with breaks
         3. Repeatition
            1. Standard, Spaced, Varied
   2. Errorless Learning
      1. Clare and Jones 2008
         1. Severe
         2. Still must be Active
2. Mneumonics
   1. Memory strategies that takes advantage of the way the brain encodes information.
   2. Accronyms
   3. Humour
   4. Sexualising Information
   5. Colour
   6. Visual Memory Journey's
   7. Personalising Information
   8. Use of Phrases
   9. Can be effective in teaching functional information such as pin codes.
   10. Pin Codes
3. External Aids
   1. Environmental Modifications
      1. Labels
      2. Signposts
      3. Colour Coding
      4. Smart houses
      5. Smart Houses
   2. Notebook
   3. Memory Journal
   4. Pager
   5. Still effective in severe cases
      1. Kime, Lamb and Wilson 1996
   6. Filofax
   7. Personalise
      1. Premorbid habits
      2. Case of JC
         1. Wilson et al 1997

1. Teaching Memory Strategies
   1. Practice Standard
   2. For Mild Impairment
      1. Even with Mild ExDF
         1. Though not severe ExDF
   3. Internal Strategies
   4. External
      1. E.g Notebook
2. Errorless learning for severe
   1. Practice Option
   2. Clare and Jones 2008
3. External devices for severe
   1. Pagers
   2. Practice Guideline
   3. SMS
   4. NeuroPage

1. Both patient and relative /informant /careworker
   1. Sunderland, Harris and Baddeley 1983

      Annotations:

      • Demonstrated a stronger correlation between results of memory tests and informant interview, than with the patient themselves.
2. Interview schedule
   1. Tyerman and King 2008

      Annotations:

      • Adaptated the following interview schedules for patient interview: Head Injury Background Interview Schedule - Social and Medical history Head Injury Problem Schedule - Physical, Sensory, Cognitive, Behavioural, Emotional and Social problems being experienced reported by both the patient and a relative Head Injury Semantic Differential - Reports patients sense of change in self concept and relatives reports of changes in emotion and behaviour in the patient. HADS - Zygmond and Snaith 83. Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale.

Annotations:

• In interview, also a number of questions to test patients general knowledge of current events, orientation as to when and where they are, their memory of the therapy session etc.

1. Wechsler Memory Scale IV - WMS
   1. Easily compared with WAIS - IV
      1. Is IQ/Memory discrepency abnormal?
      2. Compare to premorbid estimate
   2. Limited by the lack of a repeatable parallel scale
      1. Doors and People Test
2. Repeated memory assessment is often neccessary.
   2. To assess rate of degeneration
   3. To assess recovery and monitor progress after injury
   4. Parallel testing
      1. BMIPB - BIRT Memory and Information Processing Battery
         1. 4 Parallel Tests
         2. Also tests information processing
      2. Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test 3 (RBMT - 3)
         1. Wilson et al 2008
            1. Barbara Wilson is a pro
         2. Third version
            1. Now also tests for prospective memory
3. BUT
   1. One Test is not proof
      1. Look for convergence of evidence
         1. Other tests
         2. Interview/Report
         3. Imaging
   2. high functioning premodbidly
      1. Compare with premorbid estimate
4. Specific sections can be used to test specific problems

1. Word Memory Test
   1. Green, 2003
2. TOMM - Test Of Memory Malingering