Respiratory

Respiratory

1. Nasal Cavity

   • nasal vestibule
     • contains hairs for filtering
   • conchae
     • increase surface area
     • lined with mucous membranes for moistening etc of air
   • ciliated epithelium
     • lines cavity to trap dust and carry mucous
   • olfactory epithelium
     • smell

2. The Pharynx (throat)

   • nosopharynx
     • lined with pseudostratified ciliated epithelium
     • contains pharyngeal tonsil
   • oropharynx
     • lined with non-keratinised stratified squamous
     • contains palantine and lingual tonsils
   • laryngopharynx
     • non-keratinised stratified
     • connects oesophagus with larynx

3. The Larynx (voice box)

   • connects pharynx to the trachea
   • made of hyaline cartilage
   • thyroid cartilage forms adams apple
   • epiglottis closes off entrance to airways during swallowing
   • the glottis consists of the opening and contains the vocal cords

4. Trachea (windpipe)

   • mucosa
     • lined with pseudostratified ciliated epithelium and goblet cells
   • Hyaline cartilage
     • C shaped cartilage to hold trachea open
   • Trachealis Muscle
     • smooth muscle that connects C cartilage

5. Lungs

   • in thoracic cavity
   • between lungs is mediastatum which contains the heart
   • covered by visceral pleura
     • outer layer of pleura is parietal pleura
     • between layers is pleural cavity
       • this is fluid to reduce friction
   • right lung has 3 lobes
   • left lung has 2 lobes due to position of heart

6. The Conducting Zone

   • carina
     • sensitive mucous membrane is the cough reflex
   • bronchi
     • divide to be smaller etc and become bronchioles
   • bronchioles
     • no cartilage just smooth muscle to regulate flow of air to alveoli

7. The Respiratory Zone

   • Gas exchange
     • between alveolar and capillary walls
       • these walls form the 'respiratory membrane'
   • surfactant prevents collapsing of the alveoli
   • macrophages engulf dust particles and microbes