Mind map
types of observations
Map content
types of observations
naturalistic and controlled
- where the observation is conducted
- naturalistic
- natural environment
- participants unaware they are being observed
- behave more naturally
- research becomes more ecologically valid
- behave more naturally
- evaluation
- :) high external validity
- participants are unaware they are being observed
- less likely to suffer from demand characteristics
- realistic behaviour can be generalised
- less likely to suffer from demand characteristics
- participants are unaware they are being observed
- :( lack of control
- less control over EVs
- can't establish c + e relationship
- less control over EVs
- :) high external validity
- controlled
- controlled environment
- allows control over variables
- evaluation
- :) high internal validity
- more control over EVs
- can establish c + e relationship
- more control over EVs
- :( low external validity
- tasks may be unrealistic
- leads to unrealistic behaviour
- can't generalise to real life
- leads to unrealistic behaviour
- may suffer from demand characteristics
- tasks may be unrealistic
- :) high internal validity
covert and overt
- covert
- participants are unaware their behaviour is being observed
- consent not gained first
- to hide true aim of study
- reduce demand characteristics so participants behave naturally and realistically
- evaluation
- :) reduced demand characteristics
- unaware of observation = no change in behaviour
- unaffected by please-u / screw-u effect
- unaware of observation = no change in behaviour
- :( ethical issues
- deception - not revealing true aim
- consent - cannot consent to observation prior to it
- :) reduced demand characteristics
- participants are unaware their behaviour is being observed
- overt
- participants are aware their behaviour is being observed
- consent gained beforehand
- evaluation
- :) lack of ethical issues
- participants are aware of true aim and can give fully informed consent
- :( demand characteristics
- more likely to change behaviour according to please-u / screw-u effect
- :) lack of ethical issues
- participants are aware their behaviour is being observed
- covert
non-participant and participant
- participant
- sometimes necessary for observer to become part of group they are observing
- so participants don't suspect they are being observed > change behaviour
- eg. undercover police in a gang to expose behaviours not seen by outsiders
- evaluation
- :) high internal validity
- some control over EVs
- eg. pushing a conversation to go in a certain direction
- more likely to establish c+e relationship
- some control over EVs
- :( lack of objectivity
- researcher may become biased
- especially if influenced by the group they were part of
- leads to researcher bias
- especially if influenced by the group they were part of
- researcher may become biased
- :) high internal validity
- sometimes necessary for observer to become part of group they are observing
- non-participant
- researcher remains separate from group they are studying
- may even be impossible or impractical for researcher to join particular groups
- eg. children - can't have adult researcher be a child
- may even be impossible or impractical for researcher to join particular groups
- records behaviour more objectively
- evaluation
- :) has objectivity
- as researcher is not part of group, they observe from unbiased perspective
- no researcher bias
- as researcher is not part of group, they observe from unbiased perspective
- :( lack of internal validity
- less control over EVs that occur during observation
- can't establish c+e relationship
- less control over EVs that occur during observation
- :) has objectivity
- researcher remains separate from group they are studying
- participant
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- A level psychology (RESEARCH METHODS (paper 2)) Mind Map on types of observations, created by yui chen on 08/12/2020.
- Created by
- yui chen
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