Intelligence

Intelligence

1. Sir Francis Galton

   • Intelligence as heritable
     • People of higher social and economic status perform better at tasks
       • Alfred Binet
         • Wanted practical solution to measure children's intelligence so they could find out if they need special education
           • Mental age vs Chronological Age
             • William Stern
               • William Stern: made IQ formula: (Mental Age/Chronological Age) X 100
                 • Lewis Terman
                   • Translated Binets work, and modified it to fit American culture
                     • Create the Stanford-Binet Test.
                       • Aurthur Ortis
                         • Developed prototype to apply this for military recruitment purpose
                           • Created verbal: Army Alpha test. Could test the literate
                           • Army Beta test: using images, mazes to test the illiterate.
                       • David Wechsler
                         • Thought the S-B test relied too heavily verbal ability
                           • Made the Wechsler-Bellevue Scale in 1939
                             • Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) 1955
                               • WAIS-III most used test today
                             • Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) 1955
                               • Wechsler Pre-school and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI) 1967
                               • WISC IV most used today.
     • Incorrectly assumed brain size = intelligence

2. Nature of intelligence

   • Charles Spearman
     • G- Factor: General Intelligence: which covers all areas
       • Crystallised Intelligence - Use of existing knowledge
         • Most language functions
         • Applicable of culturally acquired problem solving methods.
       • Fluid Intelligence
         • Solving new problems
       • Thurstone
         • Seven distinct primary mental abilities
           • Space: Reasoning about visual scene
           • Verbal comprehension: understanding verbal statements
           • Word fluency: producing verbal statements
           • Number facility: dealing with numbers
           • Perceptual speed: recognising visual patterns
           • Rote Memory: memorising
           • Reasoning: dealing with novel problems
       • Engle
         • Fluid intelligence
           • Short term and working memory
             • Measured short term memory capacity (STMC) with digit-span tests (how many numbers you can remember)
         • Crystallised Intelligence
           • Long term memory