Heart Diseases

Congenital Heart Disease
1. Left to right shunt
  1. Atrial Septal Defect
    1. Atrial connections
  2. Ventricular Septal Defect
    1. Ventricular connections
  3. Atrioventricular defect
    1. No valves; all chambers connected
  4. Patent Ductus arteriosus
    1. Blood pushed from the aorta to the pulmonary artery; ductus arteriosus is open
  5. No cyanosis
  6. Pulmonary hypertension
2. Right to left shunt
  1. Tetralogy of Fallot
    1. VSD
    2. Pulmonary stenosis
      1. Narrowing of the infundibulum
      2. atresia of the pulmonary valve
    3. Hypertrophy of the right ventricle
    4. Overriding aorta
    5. Boot-shaped heart
  2. Transposition of great vessels
    1. aorta <--> PA
  3. Tricuspid atresia
    1. Occlusion of Tricuspid V
    2. ASD
    3. Hypoplasia of RV
  4. Truncus arteriosus
    1. No separation of aorta and PA
    2. One great vessel from both ventricles
  5. Total Anomalous pulmonary venous connection
    1. Pulmonary Vein fails to connect to Left Atrium
  6. Cyanosis
Ischemic Heart Disease
1. Inadequate oxygen, blood
2. atherosclerosis
  1. Right coronary artery
  2. Left anterior descending artery
  3. Left circumflex artery
  4. Plaque
    1. Plaque rupture/refissuring
    2. Plaque erosion
    3. Plaque hemorrhage
3. thrombosis
4. Vasospasm
5. Angina pectoris
  1. No myocyte death
  2. Stable
    1. Nitroglycerin
  3. Unstable
    1. Plaque disruption
  4. Prinzmetal
    1. Vasospasm
6. MI
  1. subendocardial
    1. atheroscleosis
  2. transmural
    1. embolism
    2. vasospasm
  3. Reperfusion
    1. Thrombolysis
    2. Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
      1. Ballooning angioplasty
      2. Stent
    3. Coronary Artery Bypass Graft
      1. New vessel surgically attached between the aorta and an area below the obstruction
    4. Reperfusion Injury
      1. Myocardial hemorrhage
      2. Irreversible injury
      3. Arrythmia
      4. Microvascular injury
      5. Myocardial stunning
    5. Atherectomy
      1. Rotational atherectomy
      2. Directional atherectomy
      3. Extraction atherectomy
  4. Complications
    1. Arrythmia
    2. COntractile dysfunstion
    3. Right ventricular infarction
    4. Ventricular aneurysm
    5. Pericarditis
    6. Papillary muscle dysfunction
    7. Mural thrombus
7. Congestive heart disease
Hypertensive Heart Disease
1. Left heart failure/ systemic
2. Right heart failure/ pulmonary
Valvular Heart Disease
1. Stenosis
2. Regurgitation
3. Degenerative valvular diseases
  1. Calcific aortic stenosis
  2. Myxmatous mitral valve
4. Rheumatic heart disease
  1. Group A streptococcal pharyngitis
  2. Characterized by:
    1. Anitschkow cells
    2. Aschoff bodies
5. Infective endocarditis
6. Non-infective vegetations
7. Carcinoid heart disease
8. Prosthetic cardiac valves
  1. Bioprosthetic valves
    1. Cryo preserved human valves/ glutaraldehyde fixed porcine, or bovine tissue
  2. Mechanical valves
    1. Pyrolytic carbon
    2. Excellent durability
    3. Requires chronic anticoagulation
Myopathic Heart Disease

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	Created by Shaima Amanda over 10 years ago