Mind map
Second Crusade
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Second Crusade
People
- Pope Eugenius II
- keeps getting attacked
- writes quick 'bull' to crusade
- Bernard of Clairvaux
- most influential preacher of time
- backed papal bull
- supported Outremer & orders
- great speeches
- people ran up to take cross
- almost diverted meaning of Crusade from Edessa
- King Louis VII & Eleanor of Aquitaine
- strong king of France
- very pious man
- may have crusaded to pay penance
- for burning church in Vitry battle 1143 1500 died
- wanted god to give him son as blessing
- Eleanor (married 1137) hadn't had son
- Eleanor's uncle was in Antioch
- Conard III HRE
- Bernard promises he will be crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope
- Bernard tries to convince Germans to stop fighting in Conrad's land
- Manuel Comnenus
- son of John Comnenus
- west expected him to help
- Pope Eugenius II
Calling the Crusade
- December 1144 Edessa fell to Zengi
- December 1145 Papal Bull issued
- 1 year later!
- 'Quantum Praedecessores'
- in honour of our forefathers
- but little response
- re-issued March 1146
- Phillips 're-run' of 1st crusade & 'extraordinarily ambitious'
- re-issued March 1146
- Pope Eugenius's Motives
- direct response to Edessa falling 1144
- to ensure papal leadership of crusade
- King Louis VII had announced intention to crusade at Christmas Court 1145
- he didn't want Kings allowed to call crusade
- his bull was a pre-emptive act
- Mayer argues his motives were to assert papal control not for Edessa
- Quantum Paedecessores
- pope said you'd be letting your family down if you didn't crusade
- relics had been brought back
- good Christian to save Christianity
- be a hero like Bohemond
- Defend what your father died for
- defend forefathers victory & honour
- or let him down
- remission of sins
- indulgance is back
- very clear if you die at any point your sins are forgiven
- clear and definite definition of indulgance
- only those going for God
- 'pure heart'
- last sentance - absolution of all sins
- indulgance is back
- law of crusading clear
- church would protect land
- no interest if you borrow from Church
- economic protection
- directed at Louis and French Nobility
- so people knew it was popes crusade
- urges knights to fufill legacy of forefathers 'bravery'
- as 'proof of nobility'
- clears up indulgance - spiritual reward even if you don't die
- 'pure heart' 'sacred journey'
- Edessa: defending religion
- Bernard of Clairvaux
- Philips: 'Greatest orator of the age'
- Pope Eugenius delegated preaching of 2nd crusade to him
- he led 2 month tour so knights took the cross
- Speeches at
- Vezelay France Easter 1146
- Speyer Germany December 1146
- Bernard recruited Conrad
- by solving turmoil in his lands
- by preaching peace
- stopped violance against Jews in Rhineland
- which was a distraction
- Conrad provided leadership and had vrusading expenreicne'
- by solving turmoil in his lands
- his message was of salvation & penance
- Miracles in Rhineland
- 235 cripples healed, 172 blind people recovered sight
Motivations to participate (also elsewhere)
- social reasons
- women encouraged sons to go
- Louis following uncle Hugh of Vermandois
- Religious reasons
- Louis VII 1143 massacre at Vitry
- he allienated Churchmen
- Phillips: 'ghastly episode'
- offered remission of sins
- protect family, land, debt free loans
- Louis VII 1143 massacre at Vitry
- Bernard preached at COnrad's court
- and Vazerly 1146
- he had to tear strip out of his clothng to make crosses 31st March 1146
- at Vezelay Easter Sunday 1146 with French nobles
- most nobles had crusader ancestors
- Churches had been decorated with depictions of Christians fighting infidels
- most nobles had crusader ancestors
- at Vezelay Easter Sunday 1146 with French nobles
- Riley Smith: 'Bernards oratrical treatment of indulgance was magnificant'
- social reasons
Choerbacchi Sept 1147
- Conrad's III ill-disciplined army
- he had pilgrim baggage
- good military leader
- his troops riot
- Conrad camps in flood plain
- supplies, horses, troops swept away
- animosity between Manuel & Conrad
- supplies, horses, troops swept away
- Historians debate it's impact
- Christians thought it was sign from god
- Conrad's III ill-disciplined army
Constantinople Sept 114
- Manuel had treaty with Seljuks
- seen as traitor due to duplicity
- hostility to crusaders
- seen as traitor due to duplicity
- Conrad married to Bertha - Manuels sister
- Conrad gave oath for troops to behave well
- shipped Conrad across Bosphorus just with a guide
- Louis arrives
- bad relation with Manuel
- Louis friends with Roger II Sicily who was preparing to attack Byzantium
- bad relation with Manuel
- Manuel sees enemy & lavishes him
- Manuel lies to Louis
- tells him Conrad had been victorious so he should go
- 30000 in Loui's amy
- Manuel had treaty with Seljuks
Dorylaeum Oct 1147
- Conrad sends Pilgrims down safer but longer coastal route
- army down 1st crusader path - dangerous but glory
- Constantly harassed by Seljuks
- attacked by Masud
- Conrad flees back to Constantinople
- via Nicea
- rest died near Laodicaea
- via Nicea
Attailia (Port)
- Louis takes longer coastal route
- glamed Byzantines for midguidance
- short of water & food
- glamed Byzantines for midguidance
- he asks manuel for ships
- doesn't get enough
- foot soliders had to walk
- many didn't arrive at Antioch
- only for cav & nobles
- foot soliders had to walk
- doesn't get enough
- Louis takes longer coastal route
Mount Cadmus (narrow road)
- single file line
- harsh weather caused loose formations
- Louis sends vanguard then baggage then him
- Vanguard arrive quickly
- baggage train slower & undefended
- Seljuks raid baggage train
- army ruined, Louis gives it up to Orders
- 20000 left
- seen as punishment for sins
- single file line
Antioch
- Edessa ravaged 1146 - not reason to save
- Louis wanted to not help
- Raymond of Antioch wanted Aleppo which would have been good idea
- Eleanor & Raymond affair accusations harmed
- Eleanor of Aquitaine 'denied marital bed' due to Louis's piousness
- Louis hears about Conrad in Jerusalem - wants to be there
Acre Council 24th Jun 48
- Louis/Conrad/Baldwin III present
- Raymond of Tripoli wants Montferrand
- Melisande wants Ascalon - Madden agrees
- Leaders thought Ascalon was safe
- Plan to attack Damascus
- Baldwin III manipulated as he wanted to be like Kings
- bad as Damascus was ally
- but Phillips thinks maybe good as Damascus stegaticially important splitting Egyptian Muslims from Syrias - buffer zones - stopped Nur-AlDin allying Damascus
- precedent from 1129 attempt
- but Phillips thinks maybe good as Damascus stegaticially important splitting Egyptian Muslims from Syrias - buffer zones - stopped Nur-AlDin allying Damascus
- bridge - 'unimaginable stupidity'
- mayer - ridiculous
- runicman - utter folly
Siege of Damascus July 48
- rich oasis city
- Unur emir of Damascus
- defeated outside walls
- forced to call Nur-al Din
- but Franks didn't press advantage
- defeated outside walls
- all they had to was wait it out
- but were getting picked off in orchard
- they had largest ever Frankish army
- panic & leave orchards for lower wall
- wall wasn't even lower - no cover so more vulnreble
- chronicallers either say decision was made due to Franks duplicity orr confusikn
- just left ...
- Phillips: 'damascenes determined to defend themselves and not get Nur-al Din's help'
- France: 'military incompetance'
READ pHILLIPS ARTICLE/ BOOK
Alfonso-Jordan, Count of Toulouse (Raymonds Son) saw his duty!
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- AS - Level History (Crusades Year 1) Mind Map on Second Crusade, created by Oliver Callaghan on 19/03/2016.
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- Oliver Callaghan
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