Childhood Development: Age 0-18 months

Childhood Development: Age 0-18 months

1. Physical Development (motor & Adaptive)

   • Reflexes at birth
     • Moro
     • Babinski
     • crawling
     • Rooting
     • Grasping
     • stepping
   • Sensory capacities
     • Hearing: not as acute; prefer the human voice
     • Vision: blurred images.
       • 7-8 months same as adult vision
       • 2 days old: prefers mother's face
     • Smell & taste well developed
   • Motor Development:
     • Under 4wks: alternating crawling movements; moves head laterally when placed in prone position
     • 4wks: Tonic neck reflex predominates; hands fisted; head sags but can hold erect a few seconds
     • 16wks: symmetrical posture predominate; head lifted 90degrees when prone on forearm
     • 28wks: sits steadily; leaning forward on hands; bounces actively when held in standing position Mnemonic Alert: SIT at SIX
     • 40wks: sits alone w/ good coordination; creeps (tummy off the floor); pulls self to standing position
     • 52wks: walks w/ one hand held; stands alone briefly
     • 15months: Toddles; creeps upstairs
     • 18months: walks, seldom falls; hurls ball; walks upstairs w/ hand held
   • Adaptive Development
     • Under 4wks: responds to sound of a rattle & bell
     • 4wks: follows moving objects to midline
     • 16wks: follows slow moving objects well; arms activate on sight of dangling objects
     • 28wks: one-hand approach & grasp of toy; bangs and shakes rattle; transfers toys from one hand to the other
     • 40wks: matches two objects at midline
     • 18months: builds a tower of 3 or 4 cubes; scribbles spontaneously & imitates writing stroke

2. Cognitive Development

   • Birth-2years:
     • Olfactory & Auditory recognition develops
     • Emergence of classical & operant conditioning
     • Establishment of object permanence
   • Piaget's Sensorimotor Stage
     • Infancy
       • Schemas adapted through Assimilation & Accommodation
         • Assimilation
           • defined as the ability to fit an experience with existing cognitive structure
         • Accommodation
           • process of adapting existing cognitive structure to new experiences 
     • Year 1
       • Uses ALL senses to learn & can categorize
       • Object Permanence Develops between 8-12months

3. Social & Language Development

   • Erikson's Stage: Basic Trust vs Mistrust
     • HOPE; Faith
     • Bonding
       • Refers to the emotional tie from parent to infant
     • Attachment
       • Refers to the emotional tie from infant to parent
       • First few months: differential behaviors w/ different caregivers
     • Sensory Distortion; withdraw
     • Significant Relationship: Mother
   • Under 4wks: small throaty undifferentiated moans
     • 4 wks: beginning vocalization, i.e. cooing, gurgling & grunting, responds to speech
       • 6-8wks: SOCIAL SMILE
         • 16wks: Laughs aloud, sustained coos & gurgles
           • 28wks: vocalizes "m-m-m" when crying; makes vowel sound such as "ah"
             • 40wks: says "da-da" or equivalent; responds to name or nickname
               • 52wks: uses expressive jargon; gives a toy on request
                 • 15months: says 3-5 words meaningfully (beside mama & dada"; pats pictures in books; shows shoes on request
                   • 18months: says 10 words including name, identifies common object on picture card, names ball and carries out two directions
                   • 10-15months: begins to use symbolic gestures like waving "bye-bye"
   • Emotional Development
     • Birth: Pleasure, surprise, disgust, distress
     • 6-8wks: Joy
     • 3-4months: ANger
     • 8-9months: sadness, fear
     • 12-18months tender affection, shame

4. Other Development

   • under 4wks: quiets when picked up
   • 16wks: aware of strange situations
   • 28wks: takes feet to mouth; pats mirror image
   • 40wks: responds to social play such as "pat-a-cake" & "peek-a-boo"; can feed self cracker & hold bottle
   • 52wks: Cooperates in dressing
   • 15months: point or vocalizes wants; throws objects in play or refusal
   • 18months: feeds self in part, spits, pulls toy on string, carries or hugs special toy or doll
   • 6-10months: stranger anxiety --> Attachment to parents
   • 10-18 months: Separation anxiety
   • 12months: understands objects socially assigned function; pushes a car or rings a bell

5. Leading Causes of Death & Injury

   • Death: 1)congenital anomalies 2)Short gestation 3)SIDS
   • Nonfatal injuries in ER: 1)unintentional fall 2)unintentional struck by/ against 3)unintentional other bite/ sting
   • Injury-related Death: 1)Unintentional suffocation 2)Homocide unspecified 3)Homocide, classifiable