20th Century

20th Century

1. The devastation of war brings advances in science and technology.

2. Kurt Goldstein took a holistic view of aphasia through his organismic approach and was deeply concerned with rehabilitation and the psychosocial impact of aphasia.

3. In Britan, treatment of aphasia was developed by elocutionists and voice teachers.

4. In Russia, Luria collected a mass of data from brain-injured soldiers and developed a functional systems approach to the brain and language that resulted in a new perspective on the organization of cognition and language and a new classification of aphasia

   • had an impact on Eastern Europe and the UK and Australia.
   • The functional system.

5. For Luria, language was a functional system and his classification of aphasia resulted from localized injuries and their relationship to the respective components of language processing.

6. Dynamic aphasia, efferent motor aphasia, afferent aphasia, acoustic amnestic aphasia sensory aphasia and semantic aphasia.

7. Luria claimed not to be a localizationist but emphasized localizable "functional systems" his model helps to reintroduce localization and provide it with a more dynamic and multidemsional perspective.

8. There was a decline in Germany because of WWI and there was a shift of focus to intellectual life to the English speaking world.

9. Weisenburg and McBride there was shift across the atlantic and a new, behavioral, psychometric, anticlassification, and antilocalizationist approach to aphasia developed in America.

10. Between 1940 & 1960 Joseph Wepman and Hildred Schuell developed an assessment and treatment approaches for different aphasia types.

11. Norman Geschwind was responsible for the return of language localization as what is called neoconnectionsim or neoclassisism. & described language processing as a form of information processing.

12. Wernicke's classification was repackaged as the Boston classification and became popular. The BDAE was developed by Harold Goodglass and Edith Kaplan. It became the most popular and widely used aphasia battery ever produced.

13. The cognitive neuropsychological model that was developed in the early 1980s pioneered a shift away from grouping and classifying aphasia.

14. The development of the cognitive neuropsychological model emerged from the coming together of psycholinguistics, single case methods, and the information processing model, and a theory driven and hypothesis testing approach to investigation

15. In the second half of the 20th century, microgenetic theory was developed, althought it does not have a wide impact.

16. Jason Brown developed microgenic theory further. The theory is broadly in the tradition of Hughlings Jackson's evolutionary levels of neural representation, although distinct from it.

17. for microgenesis, the basic assumption is that mental representations, actions, and affects emerge from a prehistory that shapes their major structure, where there is an unfolding in microtime that leads to an idea or an action that unfolds from deep to surface structure

18. In microgenic theory symptoms are errors but are not deficits and are viewed as achievements of the cognitive processes underlying them

19. 19th Century

    • the 19th century is when the seriously systematic study of aphasia began.
    • is considered to be the foundation period of the modern history of aphasia, mainly because connections were made between the symptoms of aphasia and the localization of areas of brain damage, which emerge to form the basis for the later investigations of Broca, Wernicke, and others.
    • Franz Josef Call termed "organology" had a massive influence on ideas about aphasia, meuroanatomy, and neuropsychology.
      • Organology considered that then inner form of the cranium was determined by the external form of the brain, and it was therefore possible to detect the strength of particular human faculties from the shape and size of the cranium
    • Gall was the first to recognize the importance of the neocortex in localization and he described mental faculties that were localized in specific parts of the brain.
    • Gall claimed that the faculty for words, which was part of the faculty for langauge was located in the frontal lobe, although this insight was based on an observation
    • Jean Baptiste Bouillaud identified the connection between the separate loss of language and speech and frontal brain damage in significant numbers of patients he described and divided the disorders into articulation lagnguage disorders due to a memory problem.
    • Pierre Flourens carried out brain ablation and stimulation experiments primitive by todays standards
    • Broca proclaimed the third frontal convolution was the seat for articulated language. The description of Leborgne by Broca is still regarded as the most significant event in the modern hisotry of aphasia.
    • The begninigs of the idea that the left hemisphere was dominant for speech and language and for most other useful functions, was formally crystallized in 1865.
    • Some say Marc Dax made the connection between left hemisphere damage and speech and language impairment. Even though the work was unpublished.
    • Broca used the term aphemia that was replaced with aphasia
    • Fiber theory was developed by Meynert and it described the important distinction between projection fibers which connect subcortical to cortical regions, and association fibers connecting cortical areas to one another.
    • Von Meynert was also responsible for determining that the anterior part of the brain was responsible for motor function and the posterior part for sensory function
    • Wernicke described cases with sensory aphasia due to lesions in the posterior left brain.
    • Wernicke devised information processing components to underlie the basic operations and pathways involved in the production and reception of speech at least at the single word level from the highest cognitive center tot eh peripheral input and output levels
    • Hughlings Jackson observed that people with aphasia can often produce complete phrases in particular contexts even when they are possessed with little or no spontaneous speech.
    • Charcot developed a bell diagram to allow a better understanding of normal and pathological language processing. Saw aphasia as a memory disorder , with memory divided into subsystems
    • Joseph Dejerine described a classification system of aphasia but it was mainly through two case descriptions of isolated writing and reading disorders that his work became important
    • Ribot suggested that bilingual speakers with aphasia would recover their native language first
    • Pitres firmly believed that the most recently learned and most familiar language is the one that will recover first.