6359478
Description
Mind Map by Whitney Mitsuing, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Whitney Mitsuing
over 7 years ago
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THE BIOLOGICAL BASES OF
BEHAVIOUR
- NERVOUS
TISSUE: BASIC
HARDWARE
- The cells in the nervous system
fall into two major categories:
Glia and Neurons
- Neurons are individual cells in the
nervous system that receive,
integrate, and transmit information
- Glia's are cells found throughout the
nervous system that provide various
types of support for neutrons
- Neurons are individual cells in the
nervous system that receive,
integrate, and transmit information
- Soma: (Greek for body) contains the
cell nucleus and much of the chemical
machinery common to most cells
- Dendrites: (Greek for tree) are the parts of the
neurone that are specialized to receive information
- Axon: (Greek for axle) is a long, thin fibre that transmits signals
away from the soma to other neurons or to muscles or glands
- Myelin sheath is insulting material,
derived from glial cells, that encases
some axons
- The axon ends in a cluster of terminal buttons,
which are small knobs that secrete chemicals
called neurotransmitters
- Synapse: (Greek word for junction) is where
information is transmitted from one neurone to
another
- The cells in the nervous system
fall into two major categories:
Glia and Neurons
- THE
NEURAL
IMPULSE
- The resting
potential of a
neurone is its
stable, negative
charge when the
cell is inactive
- When the neurone is stimulated, for an
instant its charge is less negative, or even
positive creating an action potential
- Action Potential: very brief shift in the neurones
electrical charge that travels along a axon
- The absolute refectory
period is the minimum
length of time after an
action potential during
which another action
potential cannot begin
- Various neurones transmit neural
impulses at different speeds.
- EXAMPLE: thicker axons transmit
neural impulses more rapidly
than thinner ones do
- EXAMPLE: thicker axons transmit
neural impulses more rapidly
than thinner ones do
- The resting
potential of a
neurone is its
stable, negative
charge when the
cell is inactive
- THE SYNPSE: WHERE
NEURONES MEET
- Transmissions take place at special junctions, which
depend on chemical messengers
- Sending signals: chemicals as couriers
- Synaptic cleft, a gap between the terminal button of one
neurone and the cell membrane of another neurone
- Signals have to cross the gap to permit neurones to
communicate. The neurone that sends a signal across
the gap is called the presynaptic neurone
- The arrival of an action potential at an axons terminal buttons triggers the release of
neurotransmitters (chemicals that transmit information from one neurone to another)
- Synaptic cleft, a gap between the terminal button of one
neurone and the cell membrane of another neurone
- Receiving signals:
Postsynaptic potentials
- They vary in size and they
increase or decrease the
probability of a neural
impulse in the receiving cell
in proportion to the amount
of change in voltage
- They vary in size and they
increase or decrease the
probability of a neural
impulse in the receiving cell
in proportion to the amount
of change in voltage
- When a neurotransmitter and a
receptor molecule combine,
reactions in the cell membrane cause
a postsynaptic potential (PSP)
- PSP: a voltage change at a
receptor site on a
postsynaptic cell membrane
- PSP: a voltage change at a
receptor site on a
postsynaptic cell membrane
- Two types of messages that
can be sent from cell to cell:
Excitatory and Inhibitory
- Excitatory psp: a
positive voltage
shift that
increases the
likelihood that
the postsynaptic
neurone will fire
action potentials
- Inhibitory psp: a negative voltage shift
that decreases the likelihood that the
postsynaptic neurone will fire action
potentials
- Excitatory psp: a
positive voltage
shift that
increases the
likelihood that
the postsynaptic
neurone will fire
action potentials
- Transmissions take place at special junctions, which
depend on chemical messengers
- NEUROTRANSMITTERS
- Acetylcholine: activates motor
neurones controlling skeletal
muscles
- Contributes to the regulation of
attention, arousal, and memory
- Some ACh receptors
stimulated by nicotine
- Some ACh receptors
stimulated by nicotine
- Contributes to the regulation of
attention, arousal, and memory
- Dopamine: contributes to
control of voluntary movement,
pleasurable emoticons
- Decreased levels
associated with
Parkinson's
disease
- Overactivity at DA
synapses
associated with
schizophrenia
- Cocaine and
amphetamines
elevate activity at
DA synapses
- Decreased levels
associated with
Parkinson's
disease
- Norepinephrine:
Contributes to
modulation of mood
and arousal
- Cocaine and
amphetamines
elevate activity at
NA synapses
- Cocaine and
amphetamines
elevate activity at
NA synapses
- Serotonin: involved in
regulation of sleep and
wakefulness, eating,
aggression
- Abnormal levels may
contribute to depression and
obsessive compulsive
disorder
- Prozac and similar depressant drugs affect serotonin circuits
- Abnormal levels may
contribute to depression and
obsessive compulsive
disorder
- GABA: serves as widely
distributed inhibitory
transmitter
- Valium and similar
anti anxiety drugs
work at GABA
synapses
- Valium and similar
anti anxiety drugs
work at GABA
synapses
- Endorphines: resemble opiate
drugs on structure and effects
- Contribute to pain relief
and perhaps to some
pleasurable emotions
- Contribute to pain relief
and perhaps to some
pleasurable emotions
- Glutamate: an amino
acid that has both
excitatory and inhibitory
effects. It has been
implicated in learning
and memory
- Acetylcholine: activates motor
neurones controlling skeletal
muscles
- THE NERVOUS SYSTEMS
- The peripheral nervous
system: its made up of all
those nerves that lie outside
the brain and spinal cord. (It
can be divided into the
somatic nervous system and
the autonomic nervous
system)
- The somatic nervous system: its made up of
nerves that connect to voluntary skeletel
muscles and to sensory receptors
- The autonomic nervous
systems: Its made up of
nerves that connect to
the heart, blood vessels,
smooth muscles and
glands (It can be
subdivided into two
branches)
- The sympathetic branch mobilizes bodes recourses for emergencies
- The parasympathetic branch generally conserves bodily recources
- The sympathetic branch mobilizes bodes recourses for emergencies
- The central nervous system:
consists of the brain and
spinal cord
- (its bathed in its own special nutritive
soup called "the cerebrospinal fluid")
- (its bathed in its own special nutritive
soup called "the cerebrospinal fluid")
- The peripheral nervous
system: its made up of all
those nerves that lie outside
the brain and spinal cord. (It
can be divided into the
somatic nervous system and
the autonomic nervous
system)
- THE BRAIN
- The hindbrain: it includes the cerebellum and two structures found in
the lower part of the brain stem: the medulla and the pons
- The medulla which attaches to the spinal cord,
is in charge of largely unconscious but vital
functions
- The pons includes a
bridge of fibres that
connects the brainstem with the
cerebellum
- The cerebellum is a large and
deeply folded structure
located adjacent to the back
surface of the brainstem (its
critical to the coordination of
movement and to the sense
of equilibrium, or physical
balance)
- The medulla which attaches to the spinal cord,
is in charge of largely unconscious but vital
functions
- The midbrain: segment of the brainstem
that lies between the hindbrain and the
forebrain. It contains an area that is
concerned with integrating sensory
processes
- The forebrain: largest and most complex region of the
brain, encompassing a variety of structures, including
the thalamus, hypothalamus,limbic system, and
cerebrum
- The thalamus: a
structure through
which all sensory
information (except
smell) must pass to
get to the cerebral
cortex
- The
hypothalamus:
a structure that
is involved in
the regulation
of basic
biological drives
related to
survival
- The limbic system:
involved in the
regulation of emotion,
memory, and
motivation, and
recently it has been
linked to the tendency
of some people to be
optimistic in their
approach to life
- The cerebrum:
the brain areas
that are
responsible for
the most
complex mental
activities,
including
learning,
remembering,
thinking, and
consciousness
itself
- The thalamus: a
structure through
which all sensory
information (except
smell) must pass to
get to the cerebral
cortex
- The hindbrain: it includes the cerebellum and two structures found in
the lower part of the brain stem: the medulla and the pons
- BASIC
PRINCIPLES
OF
GENETICS
- Chromosomes
are strands of
DNA molecules
that carry
genetic
information
- Every cell in
humans (except
sex cells)
contain 46
chromosomes.
They operate in
23 pairs, with
one
chromosome of
each pair being
contributed by
each parent
- Every cell in
humans (except
sex cells)
contain 46
chromosomes.
They operate in
23 pairs, with
one
chromosome of
each pair being
contributed by
each parent
- Fertilization create a zygote: a
single cell formed by the union of
a sperm cell and an egg
- Genes are DNA segments that serve as they
key functional units in heredity transmission
- A dominant gene one
that is expressed
when paired genes are
different.
- A recessive gene is one
that is masked when
paired genes are different
- Genotype refers to a persons genetic makeup
- Phenotype refers to the ways in which a
persons genotype is manifested in observable
characteristics
- Polygenic traits, or characteristics are
influenced by more than one pair of
genes
- Chromosomes
are strands of
DNA molecules
that carry
genetic
information
- INVESTIGATING
HEREDITARY
INFLUENCE:
RESEARCH
METHODS
- Family studies:
researchers assess
hereditary influence
by examining blood
relatives to see how
much they resemble
one another on a
specific trait
- Family studies can indicate whether a
trait runs in families
- Can also offer useful insights
about the possible impact of
heredity
- Can also offer useful insights
about the possible impact of
heredity
- Family studies can indicate whether a
trait runs in families
- Twin studies: researchers
assess hereditary influence
by comparing the
resemblance of identical
twins and fraternal twins
with respect to a trait
- Identical twins emerge
from on zygote that splits
for unknown reasons
- Fraternal twins result when two eggs
are fertilized simultaneously by
different sperm cells, forming two
separate zygotes
- Fraternal twins result when two eggs
are fertilized simultaneously by
different sperm cells, forming two
separate zygotes
- Identical twins emerge
from on zygote that splits
for unknown reasons
- Adoption studies: researchers assess
hereditary influence by examining the
resemblance between adopted
children and both their biological and
their adoptive parents
- If adopted children
reusable their biological
parents in a trait, even
though they were not
raised by them, genetic
factors probably influence
that trait
- If adopted children
resemble their
adoptive parents,
even though they
inherited no genes
from them,
environmental
factors probably
influence the trait
- If adopted children
reusable their biological
parents in a trait, even
though they were not
raised by them, genetic
factors probably influence
that trait
- Family studies:
researchers assess
hereditary influence
by examining blood
relatives to see how
much they resemble
one another on a
specific trait
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