Are Fathers neccesary

Are Fathers neccesary

1. Parental roles

   • Fathers appear to be more involved in play which is more stimulating and unpredictable than mothers
     • Grossman (2002)
   • Mothers provide a more nurturing

2. Research findings

   • Yes
     • Paqeutte (2004) found that fathers are more likely to encourage their child to take more risks
       • They suggested that fathers talk is based around play whilst mothers talk is to soothe
         • These findings were not found in middle class indian families by Roopnarine
     • Tiffany field showed that fathers can be primary attachment figures
     • Schaffer and Emerson found that 75% of infants did protest when the father left
   • NO
     • MacCallum and Golombok found that infants did not devolp any differently in same sex couples or single parents than children with a mother and a father
     • Schaffer and Emerson found that children naturally form primary attachment with mothers

3. Research is not universal