Preaching & Preparation: Third Crusade

Preaching & Preparation: Third Crusade

1. After Hattin

   • relic true cross gone
   • only Tyre left
   • cities of Antioch/Tripoli untouched but lands around had fallen
   • June 89 Saladin releases Guy
     • Guy promises to leave East
       • but heads for Tyre
         • is denied entry by Conrad of Monferrat & his small contingent
   • Guy besieges Acre 89, lasts two years
   • Saladin aware that west would react after fall of J but his men were exhausted
     • hence choice between prolonged siege in Acre or quick taking of J

2. Audita Tremendi

   • 20th Oct 87 Pope Urban dies, replaced by Gregory VIII
     • by end of Oct he had issued the bull
   • cited loss at Hattin as' 'cause for mourning' and 'terrible judgement'
   • evil was personified, Saladin named as devil
   • Latins had been punished for sins, failed to show penitence after fall Edessa 44 & Christians in Europe guilty for not helping
   • not enlist for 'worldly glory', travel with 'no dogs or birds'
   • conquest of J yet to reach west so focused on Hattin & True Cross, recovery of this
   • offered rewards, dead of campaign got 'eternal life', full remission of all confessed sins, immunity from legal prosecution & interest on debts, protection of church

3. Preaching the Crusade

   • Joscius of Tyre brought the terrifying news
     • he landed in Sicily and convinced William II to immediately sent a fleet
   • centralized ecclesiastical & secular control of crusading message, 'refined methods', Asbridge
     • two legates
       • Joscius of Tyre
         • France
       • Cardinal Henry of Albano
         • Germany
     • recruitment rallies coincide with Christian festivals
       • Christmas 1188 at Mainz & Paris, crowds had already gathered anyway
   • Angevin preaching planned at conferences at Le Mans Jan 88 & Geddington, Northhamptonshire, 11th Feb 88
     • archbishop of Canterbury, Baldwin, took the cross at a later meeting
       • he toured Wales & enlisted 3000 Welshmen skilled in arrows/lances, whilst increasing Angevin authority over this semi-independent nation
   • crusaders universally called crucesignatus (one signed by the cross), rather than pilgrim/traveller/soldier
   • troubadours, court singers, played roles in aristocratic circle
     • developed in southern france, became popular preachers
     • Conon de Bethune, Picardian knight, composed an Old French verse in 1188-1189, familiar themes made + he talked about who would be brave and not
     • extended Audita Tremendi by saying Holy Land was God's imperiled patrimony, so Christians, as god's servants, should defend it

4. Preparations for the Crusade

   • Frederick Barbarossa
     • ensure rebellion would not rise up
       • reconciliation with Philip von Heinsberg, powerful baron, who had grown in power & sided with urban III over troubles in Saxony
         • reconciled at council of Mainz
       • Fred's cousin, Henry the Lion, was stripped of title & deprived of lands
         • Fred scared that Henry would rise up so he returned some lands & told him to go on crusade or be exiled
       • issued 'land peace', to limit feuds within lands
       • eldest son Henry crown as co-emperor, Henry VI, to rule during crusade & his 2nd son Frederick of Swabia went on crusade
     • Council of Mainz to protect jews
       • recognised nobles would want to borrow money from them for expedition
     • prepared for 2 year expedition, own funding required
       • infantry - 2 marks knights - one mark per month + equipment
       • Archbishop of Cologne donated 2000 marks to Crusade (Philip von Heinsberg)
     • 15k men, 3k knights, hence leader of crusade
     • Duke Leopold of Austria sailed to east, but Fred chose land route
       • three letters ...
         • Byzantine emperor Isaac Angelus, asking for supplies
         • Kilij Arslan, warning him not to prevent him crossing his lands
         • Saladin, demanding return of all lost lands of Outremer
         • part of reason he could depart before English/French left
           • Fred set off 11 May 89
   • English/French delays
     • 2.5 years!
     • preparations began early 88
     • distraction by rebellion in Aquitane & warrfare in Toulouse + rivalry
     • late autumn 88 Richard convinced Henry about to declare his younger bro John as heir
     • Rich switches sides, siding with Phillip & attacking Normandy June 89, Henry sued for peace
     • at a conference 4 July 89, Rich confirmed as successor
     • Henry agreed to pay tribute to Philip & 3 agreed to set off together
     • 2 days later Henry died
   • Richard
     • Jan 88, Henry imposed Saladin tithe after taking cross
       • 10% on all movable goods & enforced by threat of excommunication
       • amassed 100k marks
     • Richard intensified money making, put everything for sale
     • gave rival brother John land in England & right to rule it autonomously
       • John became count of Mortain & richest counties e.g. Lancaster/Cornwall
       • John married Isabella of Gloucester, so he couldn't marry Alice, Philip's sister
     • Lands in control of Eleanor & his justiciars Longchamp & Le Puiset
     • Quit Claim Canterbury Dec 89, Richard gave William the Lion castles of Roxburgh & Berwick, acknowledged Scotland's independence
       • William gave 10k marks to Crusade in return
       • Gillingham: 'great diplomatic triumph'
     • 89 Richard agreed to marry Alice, Philips sister, who he had betrothed since 69
     • agreed any gains on Crusade would be split equally, but Richard had superior military experience, but Philip was Richard's overlord in his French lands so outranked him
     • sailing prevented non-combatants
     • Richard had fleet of 100 ships & 60k horses, 14k pig carcasses cured in 90, Richard had 17k troops
   • Philip
     • fewer resources
     • contracted with Genoese for transport for 650 knights, 1300 squires & 1.3k horses
     • forced to withdraw Saladin tithe as he lacked authority over his lands
     • left France in precarious position as his wife had died in child birth _ his twin boys in mid-march 90
     • delegated power to uncle William archbishop of Rheims

5. Crusade of Frederick Barbarossa

   • Hungary with little incident
   • Isaac Angelos had sent congrats message to Saladin for capturing J
   • Fred was present during anti-Byzantine 2nd Crusade
   • attacked by Slavs in Balkan regions
   • negotiated safe passage with Slavs but Isaac accused him of dealing with rebels
   • Fred reached Phillipopolis, sent 2 ambassadors to Constantinople
     • to assure supplies & safe passage were ready
   • Isaac imprisoned 2 men
     • Frederick of Swabia took Didymotichum & called for fleet from Germany to sent to Aegean
   • Isaac backed down but Fred had to cross to Anatolia further away from Consta along the Bosphorus
   • chose to stay in Byzantium & see winter out
   • maintained iron discipline over army, depravation avoided
     • Kilij Arslan attacked but limited to marauding tactics, picking off stragglers
   • battle at Konya & Germans drove Turks off, rewarded by refreshing at fertile gardens around town
   • advanced towards Seleucia, 10 June 90 Fred moved forwards with his bodyguard to plains around city, aiming for river Saleph
   • but he was found, suspected stroke
   • Frederick of Swabia lacked strength to restore morale
     • many returned to Germany for new imperial elections, scared of period of feuding
   • Bohemond III integrated remaining troops into his army, but rest arrived at Acre Oct 90, further weakened by dysentery outbreak
   • Impact of Crusade
     • Saladin had to despatch troops from Acre to Aleppo & Northern Syria in fear of attack, weakened position at siege
     • Had greatest army, his death changed the outcome
     • Imposed his will on hostile Byzantine emperor
       • 4th crusade oh oh

6. Situation in East

   • Conrad of Monferrat arrived tyre from Consta in Aug 87
     • Western allies arrived, e.g. William of Sicily 88, Pisan fleet spring 88
       • trading privlages to Italian city states
     • organised vigorous defense so Christians had foothold
   • Saladin releases King Guy June 88
     • goes to Tyre
       • Conrad refuses entry
         • Guy besieged Acre, took initiave
           • but Guy trapped between Saladin & Acre Garrison, but stalemate as Christian's wouldn't commit to open warfare
             • won him respect, Conrad did recognize him as King in April 90
   • Disease & death of Queen Sibylla in 90 & daughters lost guy his claim to throne
     • nearest bloodline was Isabella, Sibylla's younger sister, who Conrad married & divorced from Humphrey of Toron by a Pisan churchman, through abduction on 24th November 90
       • siege of Acre need to be concluded & Kings of west would need to decide who should be king, Richard supported his former vassal Guy & Philip supported Conrad due to family connections