Memory

Memory

1. Short-term memory

   • Duration- 18 secs (Peterson and Peterson)
   • Capacity- 7+/-2 (Miller)
   • Encoding- visual/acoustic (Baddeley)

2. Long-term memory

   • Capacity- Unlimited
   • Duration- 48 years (Bahrick et al)
   • Encoding- semantically (Baddeley)

3. Multi-store model

   • Strong research evidence
   • Adequate explanation
   • KF study shows STM is more than 1 store
   • Schachter et al suggested there are four long term stores
   • Processing is more important than rehearsal
   • STM relies on LTM (Logie)

4. Working memory model

   • Explains case studies such as KF and SC
   • fMRI showing the brain activity (Bunge et al)
   • Focuses on process
   • Model is vague and doesn't explain much
   • The idea of the CE doesn't explain much
     • Critics argue that there is more than 1 of these stores
   • Case studies can't be generalised

5. EWT

   • Loftus and Palmer
     • Leading questions
       • Ppts guessed a faster speed with 'smashed' verb
   • Yuille and Cutshall
     • Leading questions
       • No affect with real life robberies
   • Loftus et al
     • Only 41% with the misleading Q were right
   • Bekerian and Bowers
     • Misleading questions affect retrieval not storage
   • Anxiety
     • Deffenbacher et al
       • Meta-analysis= anxiety negatively impacted EWT
     • Christianson and Hubinette
       • In bank robberies anxiety increased EWT
     • Contradiction explained by Yerkes-Dodson law
     • Weapon-focus effect= Loftus et al
   • Age
     • Parker and Carranza
       • Kids chose more but made more mistakes
     • Yarmey
       • No significant differences
     • Memon et al
       • Older were worse with 1 week delay
     • Anastasi and Rhodes- own age bias

6. The cognitive interview

   • Fisher and Geiselman
   • Report everything, reinstate context, change order, change perspective
   • Kohnken et al
     • Meta-analysis=34% more accuracte
   • Milne and Bull
     • Steps 1&2 best
   • Memon et al- need more training

7. Memory improvement

   • Verbal mnemonics
     • Acronym
     • Acrostic
     • Rhyme
     • Chunking
   • Visual imagery
     • Method of loci
     • Key word method
     • Mind maps/spider diagrams

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