Reducing addictive behaviour

Description

Undergraduate degree Psychology (The psychology of addictive behaviour) Mind Map on Reducing addictive behaviour, created by Brendan Williams on 05/26/2014.
Brendan Williams
Mind Map by Brendan Williams, updated more than 1 year ago
Brendan Williams
Created by Brendan Williams over 10 years ago
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Resource summary

Reducing addictive behaviour
  1. Theory of planned behaviour
    1. Main assumptions
      1. Behavioural beliefs - individuals views on the behaviour and the outcomes of their actions - alcohol pleasurable & relaxing, can cause a hangover
        1. Subjective norms - what we think others view of the behaviour is - family/friends view on alcohol
          1. Perceived behavioural control - the level of control an individual believes they have over their own behaviour
            1. TPB too critical, does not consider emotions - behaviour may be in response to a negative situation
              1. Topa et al - other factors such as peer groups influences addictive behavior
                1. Intention of behaviour - made up of behavioural beliefs, subjective norms & perceived behavioural control - combined with actual behavioural control to produce behaviour
                2. Preventing addictive behaviour
                  1. Changing behvaioural attitudes - US drug campaign said success was due to creating a change in attitude to drug use
                    1. TPB does not consider the difference between intention (plans for the future) & expectation (likelihood of performing behaviour)
                    2. Changing subjective norms - giving accurate statistical information on drug use can correct subjective norm
                      1. Armitage & Conner - meta-analysis found TPB successful in predicting intention to change than actual change
                        1. Explains formation of intention, not formation of behaviour
                      2. Godin et al - perceived behavioural control most important predictor
                        1. Shows there are two different parts to addictive behaviour - motivational phase formation of intention, & post decisional phase initiation and maintenance of behaviour
                        2. Self efficacy - belief in one's own ability to complete tasks and reach goals, greater self efficacy - increase chance of behavioural change
                          1. Webb et al - internet interventions based on TPB most successful
                            1. White et al - examined sun protection intentions of Australian young people. TPB predictors significant predictors of actual sun protection behaviour
                            2. TPB does not consider motivation
                              1. Klag - addicts more likely to quit addiction if stopping is their own idea
                              2. Attitudes & intentions normally measured sober, risky behaviour actually performed under the influence of drugs/alcohol
                                1. MacDonald et al - increased intention for unprotected sex & risk behaviours in intoxicated individuals - alcohol decreases cognitive ability, only obvious characteristics attended to
                              3. Types of intervention
                                1. Biological interventions
                                  1. Methadone - used for heroin addicts, similar compound to heroin mimicking effects but less addictive. Given slowly decreasing doses to improve tolerance
                                    1. Addicts can become dependent on methodone
                                      1. Methadone use controversial - 300 related deaths & use is unsupervised leading to black-market selling
                                        1. Alternative treatment, the use of Narcotic antagonists NATs - blocking the effects of opiates removing the euphoria felt
                                        2. Aversion drugs such as disulfiram used to provide sickness when combined with alcohol
                                          1. Smith et al - 12 months after 6 months of treatment many individuals had relapsed
                                          2. NRT - used to reduce the symptoms of cigarette withdrawal, nicotine still provided. Reduces stress, withdrawal & curbs nicotine cravings
                                            1. Nicotine patches desensitise nicotine receptors as it's released slowly, some relapse because of this
                                              1. Bupropion - antidepressant increasing dopamine levels in the brain reducing nicotine receptors & removing cravings
                                              2. Hollander et al - SSRIs used to treat gamblers showed improvement compared to control
                                                1. Naltrexone (dopamine antagonist) decreases rewarding effects of gambling
                                                  1. Hollander study only 10 individuals. Blanco et al - 32 gamblers over 6 months had no improvement against placebo
                                                2. Psychological interventions
                                                  1. Contingency management - rewarding individuals for not engaging in behaviour based on ideas of operant conditioning
                                                    1. Sindelar et al - methadone treatment individuals in 2 groups. One rewarded for negative drug tests. At the end, reward group had 60% more negative tests
                                                      1. Does not treat the root of the addictive behaviour. Another addiction may be substituted in place of the original
                                                      2. CBT - used to alter the fault cognitions that lead to addiction
                                                        1. Ladoucer et a - 66 pathological gamblers either in treatment group or waiting list. 86% treatment group no longer pathological gamblers & had increased self efficacy
                                                          1. Relapse prevented by identifying times of relapse risk, coping techniques taught to prevent relapse
                                                            1. Motivational interviewing used to give client information on problems of dependence & advantages of abstinence provoking contradictory argument. Client then made to give reasons for wanting to change behaviour
                                                            2. In vivo desensitisation - associating feelings of boredom with addiction - taking gamblers to a casino & only standing for an extended time period
                                                              1. No single psychological intervention better than the other, further improvement when including drug treatment
                                                              2. Public health interventions
                                                                1. Intervention projects such as NIDA used to intervene in the cycle of personal & social drug use
                                                                  1. Crits-Christoph et al - NIDA lead to decrease in cocaine use - also caused decrease in associated behaviours (unprotected sex) reduce in HIV
                                                                  2. Telephone smoking quitlines - Stead et al 50% more effective than self help material alone
                                                                    1. Multiple callbacks most effective method
                                                                      1. Boos & Croft - increase in smoking in military personnel abroad
                                                                        1. Beckham et al - quitline, counselling & NRT highly effective in US veterans
                                                                      2. Workplace interventions - smoking ban can decrease behaviour - all employees in it together, offering emotional support - may only lead to increase in home smoking
                                                                        1. Australian workplace smoking ban - only 2% stopped completely
                                                                        2. Government interventions - banning/restricting goods/advertising and increasing prices by tax
                                                                          1. Public cigarette smoking banned in 2007, advertising before than, high tax to put off smoking behaviour
                                                                            1. Alcohol advertising banned from being linked to sexual performance or consumption appear attractive - adverts usually comedy
                                                                            2. Preventing youth gambling - Messerlian et al - prevention model using denormalisation, protection & prevention principles. Attempt to avert at risk use from pathological behaviour
                                                                              1. Gupta - problem gambling in adolescence can lead to strained relationships, criminal behaviour, depression & suicide
                                                                            3. Clinicians illusion - addictions thought to be hard to treat as most treated have advanced issues
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