Failure of the Third Crusade

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Why did the Third Crusade Fail?

bad luck

- Death of Frederick Barbarossa, and the split of the German contingent. DROWNED, 10TH JUNE 1190 FOLLOWED BY THE DEATH OF FREDERICK OF SWABIA.

- Death of Conrad of Montferrat 28TH APRIL 1192

- The return of King Philip

-SHIPWRECK AT CYPRUS CAPTURED 1ST JUNE 1191

= DEATH OF MANUEL 1180, NOW UNSECURE SUCCESSION AND THE LOSS OF A VALUABLE ALLY.

bad leadership

Richard simply didn't understand Crusading warfare, didn't understand the religious importance of Jerusalem and the motivation that it would provide. Spoke with the Templars, who told him that if he were to take Jerusalem he wouldn't be able to hold it.

He also wanted to take Egypt, Saladin's base, however the main body of the army wanted to continue on to Jerusalem. --> French threatened to leave the army and conquer Jerusalem on their own.

Siege of Acre 12TH JULY 1191, he threw down Duke Leopold of Austria's standard, which ultimately may have led to his capture.

RICHARD MORE CONCERNED WITH SHOWING PRESTIGE AGAINST FRANCE, BUT HE DID RUN OUT OF MONEY. ULTIMATELY KING OF ENGALDN AND WOULD BE UNABLE TO STAY ON CRUSADE FOREVER.

Rise of Muslim Unity

Prowess of Saladin. Troops were bound to him by the iqta - THE DISTRIBUTION OF ESTATES AND IN PART BY PAY AND CRUCIALLY BY ASABIYA (GROUP IDENTITY AD LOYALTY)

Propaganda machine, united the hwole of Northern Syria under the banner of Sunni Islam, as well as a strong promoter of Jihad, he prayed that the battles were won for Islam and not for himself. BETWEEN 1174 AND 1188 SALADIN MANAGED TO UNITE THE REGION FROM MOSUL TO EGYPT AND DIRECT ITS NAVAL AND MILITARY RESOURCES FOR RECONQUEST.

1169 HE HAD BEEN MADE THE VIZIER OF EGYPT AND IN 1171 HE DEPOSED OF THE LAST FATIMID CALIPH AND RESTORED THE ABBASSID CALIPH IN THE NAME OF SUNNI ISLAM. EGYPT PROVIDED THE RESOURCES TO TAKE DAMASCUS ON NUREDDINS DEATH 1174. FROM EGYPT'S REVENUES, FIVE TIMES MORE WAS SPENT ON THE ARMY THAN ANY OTHER HEADING. WHEN MONEY FAILED, SO DID TROOPS' LOYALTY.

BETWEEN 1174 AND 1186 SALADIN SPENT OVER 33 MONTHS FIGHTING HIS FELLOW MUSLIMS AND ONLY 13 AGAINST THE FRANKS.

Had been able to capture JErusalem July 1187, he had an air of invincibility.

1185-6 he was able to conquer Mosul with peace, no fighting involved.

1183 CONQUERED ALEPPO.

USED MEN WELL, CHIEFLY MEMBERS OF HIS FAMILY. NEPHEWS TAKI AL DIN AND FARRUKH SHAH WERE INSPIRATIONAL FIELD COMMANDERS.

NUMERICAL ADVANTAGE, WHICH SALADIN USED IN 1167 WITH CAVALRY CHARGE AL BABEIN.

AFTER HATTIN, HE USED HIS PRISONERS TO ARRANGE THE SUBMISSIONS OF OTHERS. KING GUY PERSUADED ASCALON AND THE TEMPLAR MASTER AT GAZA TO SUBMIT TO SALADIN. MOREOVER, AFTER HATTIN HE TOOK TRIPOLI (THE MAJOR CASTLES AND PORTS HELD OUT) AND INTO THE PRINCIPALITY OF ANTIOCH. HE TOOK THE TEMPLAR CASTLES OF DARSAK AND BAGHRAS. ANTIOCH WAS READY YO FALL, HOWEVER SALADIN NEGOTIATED A TRUCE WITH ITS RULER BOHEMOND. BUT AFTER HATTIN, SALADIN IGNORED THE ADVICE OF HIS EMIRS TO DESTORY ACRE FORTIFICATIONS.

SALADINS FORCE LOST HEART AT JAFFA AS SALADIN DIDN'T ALLOW THEM TO PLUNDER.

7TH SEPTEMBER 1191 IMPATIENT CHARGE, TACTICAL PROWESS OF SALADIN.

Frankish divisions

- Philip offered to pay his knights 3 silver pieces, but Richard offered to pay his 5

- Philip and Richard didn't get along. Richard captured Cyprus in 1190?, Philip still demanded a share of the spoils.

Philip returned home after the siege of Acre to annex Count Philip of Flanders lands who had died at Acre. He began allying with Richard's brother John and attacking Normandy AGREED TO SAIL 1ST JULY 1190 AND NOT ATTACK THE OTHERS' LANDS.

Succession. Richard supported Guy of Lusignan as he was a Poitevin vassal, where as Philip supported his cousin Conrad of Montferrat. Part of the crusade was unable to continue without them having decided who would rule Jerusalem. BOTH Initially decided 28TH JULY that Guy would rule in his lifetime and on his death it would pass to Conrad, however later ont he Crusade the French demanded that Richard revisit this decision. 1192 THEY WERE SO UNHAPPY WITH THE GUY DECISION THAT A PORTION OF HIS ARMY BEGAN TO NEGOTIATE WITH SALADIN!

Richard was unable to stop at Tyre to rest as Conrad wouldn't allow it, so his whole army had to continue on to Acre without having stopped and rested. RICHARD ARRIVED AT TYRE 6TH JUNE 1191 BUT CONRAD REFUSED HIM ENTRY.

- PHILIP LEFT ACRE JULY 1191, LEAVING A PROTION OF HIS FORCE UNDER THE CONTROL OF HUGH DUKE OF BURGUNDY. HE GIFTED HALF OF ACRE TO CONRAD OF MONTFERRAT.

- RICARD DELAYED UNTIL BERENGARIA COULD REACH HIMIN CYPRUS AND THEY COULD MARRY MAY 12TH 1191. AWKWARD, PHILIP'S SISTER ALICE. PHILIP HAD TO RELEASE HIM FROM THIS VOW, 10,000 MARKS.

- PHILIP ARGUED OVER MESSINA SPOILS.

- 1ST APRIL 1192 RICHARD HEARD THE NEWS THAT PHILIP WAS THREATENING TO ATTACK THE BOARDER OF HIS TERRITORY IN NORMANDY. MAY 1192 HE HEARD THE NEWS THAT PHILIP WAS OPENLY CONSPIRING.

BY FEBRUARY 1192 CONRAD HAD THE SUPPORT OF FRENCH AND LOCAL LORDS, SO HIS SUPPORTERS TOOK ACTION, TRIED TO TAKE ACRE FOR CONRAD. SO BARONS OF JERUSALEM AND THE FRENCH PRESSURED RICHARD MAY 1192 TO REVISE THIS AGREEMENT. HENCE HE DID AND GAVE GUY CYPRUS, CONRAD STILL REFUSED TO HELP THE CRUSADERS, HE WAS ASSASSINATED 28TH APRIL 1192.

7TH SEPTEMBER 1191 SIEGE OF ARSUF, RICHARD'S ARMY WAS IMPATIENT AND PART OF IT CHARGED. ONLY RICHARD'S RAPID RESPONSE WAS ABLE TO KEEP THE ARMY SAFE.

- AFTER VEZELAY 2ND JULY 1190, WHERE THEY AGREED TO SPLIT THE SPOILS EQUALLY AND TO NOT ATTACK EACH OTHERS LANDS, HILIP BECAME SICK AND NEGOTIATED THE LAON OF FIVE GALLEYS FROM RICHARD, WHO ONLY OFFERED THREE. THE ARGUMENTS HAD ALREADY BEGUN. THEY'D ALREADY MET TOGETHER 30TH DECEMBER 1189 TO SWEAR TO PROTECT THE CRUSADERS AND THAT THEY WOULD WORK TOGETHER TO ACHIEVE THIS.

BAD RELATIONS WITH BYZANTIUM

FREDERICK EVEN CONSIDERED ATTACKING CONSTANTINOPLE. ISAAC ANGELUS HAD AN AGREEMENT WITH SALADIN TO DELAY THE GERMAN CONTINGENT. CONTRARY TO THE AGREEMENT HE HAD SUPPOSEDLY MADE WITH FREDERICK SEPTEMBER 1188 AS ISAAC PREVENTED MARKETS FROM BEING SET UP AND HE CUT OFF SUPPLIES. FREDERICK BEGAN HIS MILITARY CAMPAIGN,SEIZED PLOVDIV AUGUST 1189.