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Attachment 1

Caitlin Ann Psychology A level Inglês 53 flashcards

Evaluation of Research into Stages of Attachment

Flashcards do conjunto (53)

  1. 1AttachmentAn emotional tie between two people shown by their behaviour eg. the observable bond between a mother and a child
  2. 23 types of caregiver-infant interactionsBodily contact
    Interactional synchrony
    Reciprocity
  3. 3Bodily ContactPhysical interactions between carer and infant helps to inform the attachment bond, particularly straight after birth
  4. 4Interactional Synchrony'Mirroring' - two people are said to be synchronized when they carry out the same action simultaneously
  5. 5Reciprocity'Taking turns' - the caregiver and child are involved in a two-way communication ie. an action in one person triggers a reaction in the other
  6. 6Research into ReciprocityMeltzoff & Moore (1997)
    6 babies aged 12-27 days old
    12 babies aged 16-21 days old
    Shown facial and manual gestures
    Babies aged 12-21 days could imitate both
    Imitation is needed for later development
  7. 7Research into Interactional SynchronyCondon & Ogston (1971)
    Analysed the movements of adults when speaking and listening (highly synchronised)
    Same pattern in new-born infants
    Referred to as interactional synchrony
  8. 84 Stages of AttachmentAsocial Stage (0-6 weeks)
    Indiscriminate (6 weeks-6 months)
    Specific (7 months +)
    Multiple (10-11 months +)
  9. 9Asocial StageProduce similar responses to objects and people
    Discrimate from familiar/unfamiliar people by smell and voice
    Bias towards human-like stimuli
  10. 10Indiscrimate AttachmentsPrefer to be in human company
    Easily comforted by anyone
    Do not show fear of strangers
    More sociable
  11. 11Specific AttachmentsBegins to show separation anxiety
    Protest when primary figure leaves them
    Show fear of strangers
  12. 12Multiple AttachmentsMultiple attachments made soon after the first attachment
    Shows attachment behaviours towards several different people eg. grandparents/siblings
  13. 13Research into Stages of Attachment (Procedure)Schaffer & Emerson (1964)
    60 newborns and their mothers from a working-class area
    Studied for the first year + at 18months
    Conducted observations + interviews
    Measured separation protest and separation anxiety
  14. 14Research into Stages of Attachment (Findings)Attachment behaviours were loosely linked to age
    Shown separtion anxiety at 6-8 months
    65% formed first attachment to mother + 3% to the father
    Most went on to form multiple attachments
  15. 15Reseach into Multiple AttachmentsRutter (1995)
    Proposed a model of multiple attachments that saw all attachments as of equal importance, with these combining together to form a child's internal working model
  16. 16Research into Multiple AttachmentsSchaffer & Emerson (1964)
    Form multiple attachments at 10-11 months
    At 18 months, 13% had a single attachment + 31% had 5 or more
    Fathers were the first joint attachment
    (fathers now more involved 50yrs later)
  17. 17Evaluation of Research into Stages of AttachmentMundane realism
    Natural study
    High external validity    Evaluation of Research into Stages of AttachmentEvaluation of Research into Stages of Attachment
  18. 18Evaluation of Research into Stages of AttachmentMethod of data collection
    Direct observation
    Bias
    Lacks internal validity    Evaluation of Research into Stages of Attachment
  19. 19Evaluation of Research into Stages of AttachmentSample
    Working class only
    Lacks population validity    Evaluation of Research into Stages of Attachment
  20. 20Evaluation of Research into Stages of AttachmentLarge individual differences
    Some varied from pattern
    Other factors involved    Evaluation of Research into Stages of Attachment
  21. 21Evaluation of Research into Stages of AttachmentAge - 1964
    Parental care has changed
    Lacks historical validity    Evaluation of Research into Stages of Attachment
  22. 22Sensitive ResponsivenessRecognising and responding appropriately to the infants needs
  23. 234 Factors Affecting the Relationship with The FatherDegree of Sensitivity
    Type of Attachment with Own Parents
    Marital Intimacy
    Supportive Co-parenting
  24. 24Degree of SensitivityMore secure attachments to their children are found in fathers who show more sensitivity to children's needs
  25. 25Type of Attachment with Own ParentsSingle-parent fathers tend to form similar attachments with their children that they had with their own parents
  26. 26Marital IntimacyThe degree of intimacy a father has within his relationship with his partner affects the type of attachment he will have with his children
  27. 27Supportive Co-parentingThe amount of support a father gives to his partner in helping to care for children affects the type of attachment he will have with his children
  28. 28Research into the Role of the Father Geiger (1996)Showed that the fathers play interactions are more exciting that the mothers
    Mothers are nurturing + affectionate
    Fathers are playmates rather than caregivers
  29. 29Research into the Role of the Father Lamb (1987)Children prefer interacting with fathers when in a positive emotional state
    Children prefer mothers when distressed
    Supports that fathers are preferred as playmates
  30. 30Research into the Role of the Father Hardy (1999)Fathers are less able to detect low levels of infant distress
    Men are less suitable as prime attachment figures
  31. 31Research into the Role of the Father Lamb (1987)Fathers who become main care providers are able to quickly develop more sensitivity to children's needs and become a safe base
    Sensitive responsiveness isnt a biological ability limited to women
  32. 32Research into the Role of the Father Lucassen et al (2011)Found that higher levels of sensitivity were associated with greater levels of infant-father attachment security
    Meta-analysis of studies with observations and the strange situation technique
    More sensitive fathers have more secure attachments
  33. 33Research into the Role of the Father Belsky et al (2009)High levels of marital intimacy was related to secure father-infant attachments
    Closeness of relationships between fathers and partners affects the type of attachment a father has with his children
  34. 34Evalutaion of Research into the Role of the FatherResearch method used
    Correlational
    Cannot establish cause + effect    Evalutaion of Research into the Role of the Father
  35. 35Evaluation of Research into the Role of the FatherCulturally specific
    Most is focused on western, individualistic cultures
    May not be representative    Evaluation of Research into the Role of the Father
  36. 36Evaluation of Research into the Role of the FatherAge of some studies
    eg. Lamb 1987
    Lacks historical validity
    More contemporary research needed    Evaluation of Research into the Role of the Father
  37. 37Evaluation of Research into the Role of the FatherClaim that children who grow up without a father dont achieve at school
    Social factors (poverty)
    May be flawed    Evaluation of Research into the Role of the Father
  38. 38Evaluation of Research into the Role of the FatherLack of focus
    Focuses on amount of time rather than quality of time
    May not generalise to all children + families    Evaluation of Research into the Role of the Father
  39. 39Animal Studies of Attachment Lorenz (1935) (Procedure)Investigated imprinting
    Split goose eggs into two batches and marked them (one hatched naturally, one hatched in an incubator)
    He was the first moving object the goslings saw
    Groups were mixed and behaviour was recorded
  40. 40Animal Studies of Attachment Lorenz (1935) (Findings)Naturally hatched goslings followed their mother, the others followed Lorenz
    After the groups were mixed, the same thing happened
    Shown the bonds to be irreversible
    Imprinting only occurred 4-25 hours after hatching
  41. 41ImprintingForming an attachment with the first large moving object they see
    Critical period: 12-17 hours after hatching
  42. 42Evaluation of Animal Studies: LorenzResearch support for imprinting
    Guiton (1966)
    Supports the idea of imprinting on first large moving object    Evaluation of Animal Studies: Lorenz
  43. 43Evaluation of Animal Studies: LorenzExtrapolation issues
    Non-human animals
    May not generalise to human infants    Evaluation of Animal Studies: Lorenz
  44. 44Evaluation of Animal Studies: LorenzAge - 1935
    Parenting style has changed
    Lacks historical validity    Evaluation of Animal Studies: Lorenz
  45. 45Evaluation of Animal Studies: LorenzInspired future research
    Influenced Bowlby's critical period
    Led to positive practical applications    Evaluation of Animal Studies: Lorenz
  46. 46Evaluation of Animal Studies: LorenzConcept of imprinting
    Guiton found that it can be reversible
    More research is needed    Evaluation of Animal Studies: Lorenz
  47. 47Animal Studies of Attachment Harlow (1959) (Procedure)Tested the cupboard love theory
    Infant monkeys separated from their mother
    Raised by 2 wire monkeys (cloth/lactating)
    Measured time spent and attachment behaviours
  48. 48Animal Studies of Attachment Harlow (1959) (Findings)Monkeys spent most of their time with the cloth 'mother'
    Failed to develop properly
    Cupboard love theory is inaccurate
    Attach for love/comfort in addition to other survival needs
  49. 49Evaluation of Animal Studies: HarlowExtrapolation issues
    Non-human animals
    May not generalise to human infants    Evaluation of Animal Studies: Harlow
  50. 50Evaluation of Animal Studies: HarlowClaim that monkeys are similar to humans
    Small differences in DNA have a large impact
    May not generalise    Evaluation of Animal Studies: Harlow
  51. 51Evaluation of Animal Studies: HarlowLack of consistency with materials
    Two stimuli varied eg. different head
    May lack internal validity    Evaluation of Animal Studies: Harlow
  52. 52Evaluation of Animal Studies: HarlowEthical grounds
    Magel (1981)
    Lasting emotional harm on the monkeys    Evaluation of Animal Studies: Harlow
  53. 53Evaluation of Animal Studies: HarlowNon-human animals
    Behaviour is easier to interpret
    Can be more confident in their interpretation    Evaluation of Animal Studies: HarlowEvaluation of Animal Studies: Harlow

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A level Psychology FlashCards sobre Attachment 1, criado por Caitlin Ann em 02-03-2018.
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Caitlin Ann
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