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Attachment 1
Fichas del conjunto (53)
- 1AttachmentAn emotional tie between two people shown by their behaviour eg. the observable bond between a mother and a child
- 23 types of caregiver-infant interactionsBodily contact
Interactional synchrony
Reciprocity - 3Bodily ContactPhysical interactions between carer and infant helps to inform the attachment bond, particularly straight after birth
- 4Interactional Synchrony'Mirroring' - two people are said to be synchronized when they carry out the same action simultaneously
- 5Reciprocity'Taking turns' - the caregiver and child are involved in a two-way communication ie. an action in one person triggers a reaction in the other
- 6Research into ReciprocityMeltzoff & Moore (1997)
6 babies aged 12-27 days old
12 babies aged 16-21 days old
Shown facial and manual gestures
Babies aged 12-21 days could imitate both
Imitation is needed for later development - 7Research into Interactional SynchronyCondon & Ogston (1971)
Analysed the movements of adults when speaking and listening (highly synchronised)
Same pattern in new-born infants
Referred to as interactional synchrony - 84 Stages of AttachmentAsocial Stage (0-6 weeks)
Indiscriminate (6 weeks-6 months)
Specific (7 months +)
Multiple (10-11 months +) - 9Asocial StageProduce similar responses to objects and people
Discrimate from familiar/unfamiliar people by smell and voice
Bias towards human-like stimuli - 10Indiscrimate AttachmentsPrefer to be in human company
Easily comforted by anyone
Do not show fear of strangers
More sociable - 11Specific AttachmentsBegins to show separation anxiety
Protest when primary figure leaves them
Show fear of strangers - 12Multiple AttachmentsMultiple attachments made soon after the first attachment
Shows attachment behaviours towards several different people eg. grandparents/siblings - 13Research into Stages of Attachment (Procedure)Schaffer & Emerson (1964)
60 newborns and their mothers from a working-class area
Studied for the first year + at 18months
Conducted observations + interviews
Measured separation protest and separation anxiety - 14Research into Stages of Attachment (Findings)Attachment behaviours were loosely linked to age
Shown separtion anxiety at 6-8 months
65% formed first attachment to mother + 3% to the father
Most went on to form multiple attachments - 15Reseach into Multiple AttachmentsRutter (1995)
Proposed a model of multiple attachments that saw all attachments as of equal importance, with these combining together to form a child's internal working model - 16Research into Multiple AttachmentsSchaffer & Emerson (1964)
Form multiple attachments at 10-11 months
At 18 months, 13% had a single attachment + 31% had 5 or more
Fathers were the first joint attachment
(fathers now more involved 50yrs later) - 17Evaluation of Research into Stages of AttachmentMundane realism
Natural study
High external validity
- 18Evaluation of Research into Stages of AttachmentMethod of data collection
Direct observation
Bias
Lacks internal validity
- 19Evaluation of Research into Stages of AttachmentSample
Working class only
Lacks population validity - 20Evaluation of Research into Stages of AttachmentLarge individual differences
Some varied from pattern
Other factors involved - 21Evaluation of Research into Stages of AttachmentAge - 1964
Parental care has changed
Lacks historical validity - 22Sensitive ResponsivenessRecognising and responding appropriately to the infants needs
- 234 Factors Affecting the Relationship with The FatherDegree of Sensitivity
Type of Attachment with Own Parents
Marital Intimacy
Supportive Co-parenting - 24Degree of SensitivityMore secure attachments to their children are found in fathers who show more sensitivity to children's needs
- 25Type of Attachment with Own ParentsSingle-parent fathers tend to form similar attachments with their children that they had with their own parents
- 26Marital IntimacyThe degree of intimacy a father has within his relationship with his partner affects the type of attachment he will have with his children
- 27Supportive Co-parentingThe amount of support a father gives to his partner in helping to care for children affects the type of attachment he will have with his children
- 28Research into the Role of the Father Geiger (1996)Showed that the fathers play interactions are more exciting that the mothers
Mothers are nurturing + affectionate
Fathers are playmates rather than caregivers - 29Research into the Role of the Father Lamb (1987)Children prefer interacting with fathers when in a positive emotional state
Children prefer mothers when distressed
Supports that fathers are preferred as playmates - 30Research into the Role of the Father Hardy (1999)Fathers are less able to detect low levels of infant distress
Men are less suitable as prime attachment figures - 31Research into the Role of the Father Lamb (1987)Fathers who become main care providers are able to quickly develop more sensitivity to children's needs and become a safe base
Sensitive responsiveness isnt a biological ability limited to women - 32Research into the Role of the Father Lucassen et al (2011)Found that higher levels of sensitivity were associated with greater levels of infant-father attachment security
Meta-analysis of studies with observations and the strange situation technique
More sensitive fathers have more secure attachments - 33Research into the Role of the Father Belsky et al (2009)High levels of marital intimacy was related to secure father-infant attachments
Closeness of relationships between fathers and partners affects the type of attachment a father has with his children - 34Evalutaion of Research into the Role of the FatherResearch method used
Correlational
Cannot establish cause + effect - 35Evaluation of Research into the Role of the FatherCulturally specific
Most is focused on western, individualistic cultures
May not be representative - 36Evaluation of Research into the Role of the FatherAge of some studies
eg. Lamb 1987
Lacks historical validity
More contemporary research needed - 37Evaluation of Research into the Role of the FatherClaim that children who grow up without a father dont achieve at school
Social factors (poverty)
May be flawed - 38Evaluation of Research into the Role of the FatherLack of focus
Focuses on amount of time rather than quality of time
May not generalise to all children + families - 39Animal Studies of Attachment Lorenz (1935) (Procedure)Investigated imprinting
Split goose eggs into two batches and marked them (one hatched naturally, one hatched in an incubator)
He was the first moving object the goslings saw
Groups were mixed and behaviour was recorded - 40Animal Studies of Attachment Lorenz (1935) (Findings)Naturally hatched goslings followed their mother, the others followed Lorenz
After the groups were mixed, the same thing happened
Shown the bonds to be irreversible
Imprinting only occurred 4-25 hours after hatching - 41ImprintingForming an attachment with the first large moving object they see
Critical period: 12-17 hours after hatching - 42Evaluation of Animal Studies: LorenzResearch support for imprinting
Guiton (1966)
Supports the idea of imprinting on first large moving object - 43Evaluation of Animal Studies: LorenzExtrapolation issues
Non-human animals
May not generalise to human infants - 44Evaluation of Animal Studies: LorenzAge - 1935
Parenting style has changed
Lacks historical validity - 45Evaluation of Animal Studies: LorenzInspired future research
Influenced Bowlby's critical period
Led to positive practical applications - 46Evaluation of Animal Studies: LorenzConcept of imprinting
Guiton found that it can be reversible
More research is needed - 47Animal Studies of Attachment Harlow (1959) (Procedure)Tested the cupboard love theory
Infant monkeys separated from their mother
Raised by 2 wire monkeys (cloth/lactating)
Measured time spent and attachment behaviours - 48Animal Studies of Attachment Harlow (1959) (Findings)Monkeys spent most of their time with the cloth 'mother'
Failed to develop properly
Cupboard love theory is inaccurate
Attach for love/comfort in addition to other survival needs - 49Evaluation of Animal Studies: HarlowExtrapolation issues
Non-human animals
May not generalise to human infants - 50Evaluation of Animal Studies: HarlowClaim that monkeys are similar to humans
Small differences in DNA have a large impact
May not generalise - 51Evaluation of Animal Studies: HarlowLack of consistency with materials
Two stimuli varied eg. different head
May lack internal validity - 52Evaluation of Animal Studies: HarlowEthical grounds
Magel (1981)
Lasting emotional harm on the monkeys - 53Evaluation of Animal Studies: HarlowNon-human animals
Behaviour is easier to interpret
Can be more confident in their interpretation
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- A level Psychology Fichas sobre Attachment 1, creado por Caitlin Ann el 02/03/2018.
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- Caitlin Ann
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