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Flashcards

Cellular Respiration

Arabella Fernandes LIFE SCIENCES caps Inglês 43 flashcards

Flashcards do conjunto (43)

  1. 1D: WHAT IS CELLULAR RESPIRATIONIt is the breakdown of glucose for the release of energy for metabolic processes.
  2. 2D: WHAT IS ATPThey are energy rich molecules that provide energy for all life processes in cells.
  3. 3D: WHAT ARE CATABOLIC PROCESSES?They are the breaking down of large complex molecules into small molecules.
  4. 4D: WHAT ARE ANABOLIC PROCESSES?They are the build up of simple molecules into large molecules.
  5. 5WHERE DOES AEROBIC RESPIRATION TAKE PLACE ?mitochondria
  6. 6THE ENERGY MADE IN AEROBIC RESPIRATION OS USED FOR...?It is used for active transport, synthesis of molecules and cell division and growth
  7. 7IN ANIMALS WHAT DO THEY SPECIFICALLY REQUIRE ENERGY FOR?For the contraction of muscle fibres and conduction of nerve impulses.
  8. 8IN PLANTS WHAT DO THEY SPECIFICALLY REQUIRE ENERGY FOR ?For the uptake of mineral salts from soil, the opening and closing of stomata and the translocation of food.
  9. 9HOW DO ENZYMES CONTROL RESPIRATION ?They prevent energy from being released all at once, prevents our temperature fro. going above 37C.
  10. 10D: WHEN GLUCOSE IS BROKEN DOWN WITH THE PRESENCE OF OXYGEN...Aerobic Respiration
  11. 11WHAT IS COMBUSTION?It is when wood/coal is released alongside C02 and H2O and it causes large amounts of heat and light to be realised uncontrolled.
  12. 12WHAT ARE THE SIMILARITIES BETWEEN COMBUSTION OF AEROBIC RESPIRATION ?- both require oxygen
    -both require food/fuel
    -energy is released
    -with energy carbon dioxide and water are both released
  13. 13WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN AEROBIC RESPIRATION AND COMBUSTION?-uncontrolled release of energy in combustion
    -controlled release of energy in aerobic respiration (if all was realised at once it would kill us)
  14. 14WHAT ARE THE 3 STAGES OF AEROBIC RESPIRATION?-glycolysis
    -the citric acid cycle
    -oxidative phosphorylation
  15. 15WHAT IS THE WORD EQUATION AND NUMBER EQUATION FOR AEROBIC RESPIRATION?Glucose + Oxygen --> Carbon Dioxide +Water + Energy
    C6H12O6 +6O2 --> 6CO2 +6H2O +38ATP
  16. 16EXPLAIN WHAT OCCURS IN GLYCOLYSISIt occurs in the cytoplasm outside of the mitochondria, no oxygen is required. Glucose if then broken down into two molecules called pyruvate/pyruvic acid. In this process energy rich hydrogen atoms are given off which move into the mitochondria. 2ATP is given off.
  17. 17EXPLAIN WHAT OCCURS IN THE CITRIC ACID CYCLEIt occurs inside the mitochondria and requires oxygen. The pyruvate molecules are then broken down in - a series of cyclical reactions - into energy rich hydrogen atoms and carbon dioxide which is eventually breathed out.
  18. 18WHAT OCCURS IN THE STAGE OF OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATIONThis too occurs in the mitochondria requiring oxygen. The removed energy rich hydrogen atoms are then involved in a series of oxidative reactions which releases energy turning ADP into ATP(phosphorylation). Hydrogen atoms have now lost energy and combine with oxygen to form H2O which later becomes water vapour or is excreted by the kidneys. 36 ATP is made.
  19. 19DOES TEMPERATURE EFFECT THE RATE OF AEROBIC RESPIRATION ?No, the body temperature in the human body remains constant.
  20. 20WHAT ARE THE FACTORS THAT EFFECT THE RATE OF AEROBIC RESPIRATION.-oxygen: increases the rate
    - number of mitochondria: more means higher rate
    -the more work muscles do the more need for energy and therefore an increase or higher rate
  21. 21WHAT IS ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION?It is the cellular respiration that requires no oxygen and produces 2 ATP.
  22. 22EXPLAIN THE PROCESS OF ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION THAT OCCURS IN ANIMALS.It is when animals, fungi, bacteria etc. break down pyruvic acid into lactic acid; it is called lactic acid fermentation.
  23. 23EXPLAIN THE PROCESS OF ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION THAT OCCURS IN PLANTS.It is when plants or yeasts break down pyruvic into alcohol and carbon dioxide; it is called alcohol fermentation.
  24. 24WHAT HAPPENS IF SOMEONE DOING EXCESSIVE EXERCISE DOESN'T GET ENOUGH OXYGEN.The lack of oxygen to the muscles causes them to respire anaerobically, this is then the glucose is partially broken down releasing very small amount of energy and the rest of the energy is turned into lactic acid.
  25. 25WHAT HAPPENS TO LACTIC ACID AFTER?The lactic acid is carried to the liver and forms water and carbon dioxide, oxygen is needed for lactic acid to fully be oxidised. (oxygen debt)
  26. 26WHAT ARE THE 3 MAIN DIFFERENCES BETWEEN AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION?-A: glucose&oxygen AN: glucose
    - A: CO2& H2O AN: Alcohol & CO2 OR lactic acid
    - A: 38 ATP; AN: 2 ATP
  27. 27WHAT IS FERMENTATION?The anaerobic breakdown of organic compounds by living cells.
  28. 28WHAT TYPE OF FOODS DOES FERMENTATION MAKE?cheese and yogurt, bread, beer brewing and wine making
  29. 29HOW IS CHEESE PRODUCED?It is when milk is fermented, as bacteria in milk produces lactic acid by fermenting lactose; the milk then curdles.
  30. 30HOW IS YOGURT MADE?It is made when bacterial cultures are added to milk, the acid produced gives yogurt its sour taste.
  31. 31WHAT TYPE OF BACTERIA IS ADDED TO MILK TO MADE YOGURT?- Lactobacillus Bulgaria
    - Streptococcus thermopilus
  32. 32WHEN DOES FERMENTATION STOP?When the temperature is lowered.
  33. 33WHAT CAUSES BREAD TO RISE?Alcoholic fermentation occurs in bread with the yeast feeding on sugars in the dough and then releases alcohol and carbon dioxide as waste products. The CO2 forms bubbles inside the dough causing it to rise.
  34. 34WHAT HAPPENS WHEN THE BREAD IS BAKED IN THE OVEN?Yeast is killed and alcohol is evaporated.
  35. 35YOU GET MULTICELLULAR AND UNICELLULAR FUNGI. EXAMPLE OF EACH AND HOW DO THEY REPRODUCE?-Unicellular: Yeats; reproduce asexually by budding
    -Multicellular: Moulds, Mushrooms; reproduce by means of spores
  36. 36D: WHAT IS RHIZOPUS?Bread Mould
  37. 37D: MASS OF MICROSPOIC FILAMENTS...?Hyphae
  38. 38D: MANY HYPHAE TOGETHER?Mycelium; feed on nutrients
  39. 39DISEASES CAUSED BY FUNGI IN PLANTS AND THEN IN ANIMALS?Plants: powdery mildew, potato blight
    Animals: thrush, athletes foot
  40. 40WHAT IS THRUSH CAUSED BY ?Candida albicans
  41. 41WHAT IS ATHLETES FOOT CAUSED BY?Tinea Pedis; caused by a family of fungi called dermatophytes (feed on dead skin, nails and hair)
  42. 42WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS OF ATHLETES FOOT?-affects moist skin between the toes
    -causes itching, scaling, peeling
    -can move to the soles of the feet
    -can spread to the nails causing them to become hard and discoloured
  43. 43WHAT CAN YOU DO TO MANAGE ATHLETES FOOT?-use anti fungal lotion
    -severe cases use medication
    -to prevent it: keep feet clean and dry, avoid sharing, flip flops in public facilities, socks that allow skin to dry

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caps LIFE SCIENCES FlashCards sobre Cellular Respiration , criado por Arabella Fernandes em 09-05-2024.
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