Flashcards
Research methods 1
Flashcards do conjunto (36)
- 1Dependent variablethe variable that is manipulated by the researcher so the effect on the IV can be measured
- 2Independent variablethe variable measured by the researcher
- 3Aima general statement of what the researcher intends to investigate
- 4Hypothesisdefined and testable statement of the relationship between the variables
- 5Directional hypothesisStates the direction of the difference or relationship
- 6Non-directional hypothesisDoes not state the direction of the difference or relationship
- 7OperationalisationClearly defining variables to make them measurable
- 8Experimental hypothesisMust predict the effect of the IV and the DV
- 9Null hypothesisMust predict that there is no effect of the IV and the DV
- 10Extraneous variableany variable that may have an effect on the DV other than the IV
- 11Confounding variablefactors other than the independent variable that may cause a result.
- 12Participant variables1.Participant reactivity
2. Intelligence
3. Age
4. Personality - 13Experimenter variables1. Body language
2. Bias
3.Tone of voice - 14Situational Variables1. Heat
2. Order effects
3. Demand characteristics
4. Time of day - 15Controls for individual differencesSample - sample large and randomly to gain representative samples
Design - Use repeated measures or matched pairs
Allocation - randomly allocate to conditions - 16Controls for situational variablesStandardise - keep everything the same for each ppt
Standardise procedure
Standardise instructions - 17Controls for demand characterisiticsDeception - distractor questions
Lying about the aim of the experiment
Single blind - the participant is unaware of which condition they are in - 18What balances out order effects ?doing better or worse on a given task depending on the order in which you were asked to do the task in
counterbalance - to reduce effect of situational variables or order effects - split the group in half - 19Repeated measuresRecruit a group of participants, condition 1 and condition 2. The group does the experimental task with the IV set for condition 1
- 20Strengths of repeated measures- Any differences between conditions are likely to be due to changes in the IV and not due to participant variables
- Fewer participants need to be recruited, as they are used twice - 21Limitations of repeated measures- Order effects (e.g. practice effect, fatigue effect, recognising demand characteristics) as participants take part in all conditions
- 22Independent groups designRecruit a group of participants, group 1 and group 2. Group 1 does the experimental task with the IV set for condition 2
- 23Strengths of independent groups design- There are no order effects as participants only take part in one condition so cannot get better through practise, or under-perform due to fatigue, or change their behaviour due to demand characteristics.
- It allows task variables to be controlled for example participants can be given the same word list in each condition so that this does not become a confounding variable - 24Limitations of independent groups design- Any differences between conditions could be due to individual differences in participants, for example one group could do better on recall because they are more motivated or more intelligent.
- 25Matched pairs designRecruit a group of participants, find out what sorts of people you have in the group. Treat the experiment as independent measures. Recruit another group that matches them one for one.
- 26Strengths of matched pairs design- There are no order effects as participants only take part in one condition
- Individual differences between conditions are reduced as participants have been matched up - 27Limitations of matched pairs design- It is time consuming and expensive to match up participants
- 28Laboratory experimentConducted in a special environment where variables can be carefully controlled. Participants may be aware they're taking part in an experiment but might not know the true nature
- 29Field experimentConducted in a more natural environment i.e. in the field. Participants are often not aware they are participating in an experiment but might not know the true nature
- 30Natural experimentResearcher does not manipulate the variables - thus the IV varies naturally - i.e. effects of institutionalisation.
- 31Quasi-ExperimentThe IV also occurs naturally. Measures a difference that occurs naturally in people - i.e. gender differences
- 32Advantages and disadvantages of Laboratory experiments+ High control of extraneous variables (the DV is likely to be the result of the IV)
+High internal validity
+Replication is more possible because of the high level of control
-Lacks generalisability
-Lab could be artificial - not like every day life
-Low external validity, they may act in unusual ways
- PPT's are usually aware they are being tested so this could effect their behaviour - 33Advantages and disadvantages of Field experiments+ Higher mundane realism than the lab because the environment is more natural
+Behaviour may be more authentic and natural
+PPT's may be unaware that they are being studied.
-Less control over extraneous variables
-This means cause and effect between the IV and DV in field studies may be much more difficult to establish and precise replication is often not possible.
-Ethical issues - if participants are unaware they are being studied, they can't give consent, invasion of privacy. - 34Advantages and disadvantages of Natural experiments+provide opportunities for research that may not be undertaken for ethical reasons.
+high external validity because they involve the study of real-life issues
-may happen rarely, reducing opportunities for research
-PPT's may not be randomly allocated to experimental conditions, this means the experimenter may be unsure whether the IV affected the DV - 35Advantages and disadvantages of Quasi-experiments+often carried out under controlled conditions and therefore share the same strengths of a lab experiment
-Cannot randomly allocate participants to conditions and therefore there may be confounding variables - 36Random Sampling
Informações
- Descrição
- A level Psychology FlashCards sobre Research methods 1, criado por Sophie Brown em 01-11-2016.
- Criado por
- Sophie Brown · nov 2016
- Atualizado
- 14 dez 2016
- Visualizações
- 4
- Avaliação
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