Flashcards
AS Enlgish Language exam; Power and extra terminology.
Flashcards do conjunto (32)
- 1What is mode?The format in which the communication is presented, be it writing, speech or a mix of the two.
- 2What is TRIPE?TRIPE helps us to remember the different purposes a text can have;
Transactional - Emphasis on getting something done
Referential - To provide information
Interactional - emphasis on social relationship between speakers
Phatic - 'Small talk'
Expressive - to express the speaker's feelings - 3Roman Jakobson also proposed that text can have another two types of purpose. What were these?Metalingual - the communication talks about language itself
Poetic - related to the form of the message; the message is intended to catch the eye/ear; have an artistic appeal. - 4What is J L Austin's Speech Act Theory?The idea that we are not just saying things but doing things; that words perform actions.
- 5What is the oppositional view?That writing and speech are binary opposites. This, however, is often not the case and it is better to think of the mode of language to be a part of a continuum. There are also prototypes and multimodality to consider.
- 6What is meant by saying that language is synchronous/asynchronous?Synchronous: Happens in real time with participants usually present. Time bound, dynamic and transient. Usually co-present.
Asynchronous: Delay between writing and reading. Space bound, static and permanent. Distant, rarely co-present. - 7What is lexis?Vocabulary.
- 8What is semantics?Implied meaning behind words.
- 9What is grammar?Structural relationships.
- 10What is phonology?The sounds of English speech and writing.
- 11What is pragmatics?Meaning derived from language through context; with what intention the communication was constructed and how it is received.
- 12What is discourse?The structure of the text.
- 13What is graphology?Textual design, signs and image.
- 14Describe some lexical, grammatical and non-fluency features of spoken language.Lexis: Often less formal, colloquial expressions, slang, contractions. Phatic expressions, deictic expressions.
Grammar: Interrupted constructions, disjointed constructions, incomplete constructions, non-standard grammar.
Non-fluency: Fillers, filled pauses, unvoiced pauses, repetitions, false starts. - 15Describe Adjacency Pairs.Two part exchanges that follow a predictable pattern, i.e. a question followed by an answer.
- 16Describe Three Part Exchanges.When the speaker's response generates a further utterance from the first speaker. The teacher-pupil interaction often has this pattern.
- 17What can topic shifting show?Introducing new topics can be a sign of conversational dominance and may reflect a speaker's superior status. Correspondingly, unsuccessful attempts can show that the speaker occupies a subordinate position.
- 18Describe what are: -Topic shifts -Topic shifters -Topic loopsTopic shifts: A change of topic.
Topic shifters: Words or phrases which indicate a topic shift.
Topic loop: when the conversation returns to an earlier topic. - 19What are repairs?Resolving a problem that has arisen in a conversation. The simplest kind of repair occurs when speakers make a mistake and correct themselves. It could also be when a speaker is asked to repeat themselves.
- 20What is meant by the term 'feedback'? Give some examples.-Verbal responses "absolutely" "I know" "really?" etc.
-Back channeling noises
-non-verbal responses - 21Give some examples ways in which the closing of a conversation is initiated.-Ritual exchange of farewells
-usually proceeded by pre-closing signals
-Summing up
-Phatic expressions - 22What is Cooperation Theory of conversation?Grice's maxims; we interpret language on the assumption that the speaker is obeying the four maxims of:
-Quality
-Quantity
-Relation
-Manner - 23Who proposed Face and Politeness Theory?Brown and Levinson
- 24What is Accommodation Theory?Howard Giles proposed that we change our language in order to accommodate our audience;
-downward convergence (RP down to regional)
-Upward convergence (Regional up to RP)
-Mutual convergence (converge towards each other) - 25What are tricks of rhetoric?Linguistic methods used in order to gain an audience's approval. They can include; syntactical balancing, emotive lexis, rhetorical questions, list, cadence (list of 3) etc. etc.
- 26What did Fairclough suggest about advertisment language?-Synthetic personalisation
-creating an image of a text
-Building the consumer - 27What are the different types of power?-Practical power
-Knowledge and ideas power
-positional power
-personal power
-influential power
-instrumental power - 28What are marked expressions?Waiter-WaitRESS
Actor-ActRESS
Etc. etc. - 29What is semantic derogation?The sense of negative meaning or connotation that some lexical items have attached to them.
- 30What is semantic deterioration?The process by which negative connotations become attached to lexical items.
- 31What are some ways that language can be sexist?-Generic pronouns (take on the male form)
-Lexical asymmetry
-Insults (many female insults carry sexual connotations)
-Patronizing usages
-Feminite inanimate (using female pronouns for a ship/car - denotes male ownership)
-Order of precedence (Dear sir/madam etc)
-Use of 'Ms' - 32What are maternal, relational and mental verbs?Maternal: actions/events
Relational: States of being
Mental: perception, thought/speech.
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- A Levels English Language (Power and Language ) FlashCards sobre AS Enlgish Language exam; Power and extra terminology., criado por Carly Dyball em 01-06-2015.
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- Carly Dyball
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