Flashcards
5. Form Perception
Flashcards do conjunto (46)
- 1what is our starting point for visual perceptionlight
- 2how is a straight line actually perceived by our retina?as a curve since retina is curved
- 3what makes the camera analogy for our visual system false- receptors unevenly distributed + focus unevenly devoted in V1
- retinal image is inverted, distorted, tiny & flat
- there is no visual image or anything visual at all in cortical representation - 4is the man in our head analogy truenope
- 5so what are the approaches for exlaining perception of form & organisation?marr's approach
gestalt's approach - 6what types of processing do these two approaches suggest?marr's: bottom-up
gestalt's: top-down - 7what does marr's approach suggesta computational model where the starting point is the retinal image -- which is processed in different stages until a 3D perception is reached
- 8what is the idea about stages?each stages takes the informational input directly from the previous one, transforming it into something more complex
- 9what are the actual parts the computational model is concerned with?- computational theory: what is the model trying to do, goals, purpose for processes
- algorithmic level: what algorithm is needed
- mechanism level: what mechanism is needed to implement the algorithm - 10what are the sequential stages in marr's approach?retinal image -> grey scale description -> primal sketch -> 2.5D skecth -> 3D representations
- 11what does the grey scale to primal skecth involve?how much intensity of light there is, abrupt changes in contrast like edges or blobs defined = primitive sketch
- 12what is added to the primal sketch to make it 2.5D sketch?depth cues, colour & motion
- 13what seperates the 2.5D image from the 3D image?in 2.5D, perception of image is all observer-orientated & there are unseen parts of the object & seen
- 14what is involved in the 3D process?the brain, after combining all the info about lights, edges, contrasts, depth colour + motion cues & asks "whats the most likely thing i'm looking at?" -- creates 3D image independent of observer
- 15what stage is our conscious experience formed?3D representation -- we have no conscious introspection on the other processes that occur
- 16when does the visual system as suggested by Marr, break donw?visual illusions
- 17why is marr's computational model important?examining the algorithm & rule-system gets you further than the hardware -- more likely by understanding the problem that needs to be solved
- 18what is the quote that sums up gestalt's approach?whole is greater than sum of its parts
- 19what does his approach concern?how we group parts of the stimulus together & separate figure from ground
- 20what does the necker cube tell us?how, while the retinal image remains the same, our perception of it changes. Sensation same, perception diff & changing -- subjective
- 21Who was gestalt school set up by?Max Werthheimer & Kurt Kofka in the 1920s
- 22who made them famous by writing their papers?Wolfgang Kohler
- 23What is insight learningSudden realisation of a problem that does *not* occur due to trial & error, and minimises the gap with current state + goal -- thought of as a unique human skill
- 24what did gestalt argue with perceptual organisation?that we see objects according to all their elements together as a whole -- not each part separately
- 25what is this isolated from?principles of perception
- 26what were the list of gestalt's laws for perceptual organisationsimilarity, good continuation, proximity, connectedness, closure, common fate, familiarity, invariance, pragnanz
- 27what is similaritythings that appear to be grouped together by shape, size, hue, orientation, etc.
- 28what is good continuationwhere we see lines that are connected, we view them as taking the smoothest path & carrying on
- 29what is reificationwhen we perceive more spatial info than is actually present in the image
- 30what is proximitythings that are near to each other appear to be grouped together
- 31which rule is stronger & overrules each other: proximity or similarity?proximity overrules similarity
- 32what is connectednesswhen things that are physically connected as perceived as a full unit instead of multiple parts & units
- 33what is closurewhen, with several geometric possible perceptions, the closed figure is the one thats preferred
- 34why do we perceive an 'incomplete' image the way we do -- like an incomplete rectangle?due to likelihood -- better for brain to perceive it as incomplete than open
- 35whats common fatethings that are in the same orientation or moving together are grouped together
- 36familiaritythings that are more likely to form groups is the group that appears familiar or meaningful
- 37whats invariance(diff. to bottom-up approach)
we perceive diff objects in a variety of diff contorted, distorted situations - 38what is invariance a major problem for?computers
- 39what is the idea of pragnanz?that the brain is trying to come up with the most stable representation in the cortex
- 40whats figure-ground separation?top-down process where our attention on the perceived scene & our motivation impacts how we perceive things
- 41what are some problems with gestalt's approach?- underplays parallel & unconscious processing in brain
- lot of rules are descriptions rather than explanations
- laws are ill defined - 42what are some positive points about gestalt's approach?- context & experience affect perception
- whole is greater than the sum of its parts - 43what occurs during bottom-up processing?starting from bottom up - considering physical stimuli & perceive it, work way up to higher-order cognitive processes
- 44can higher order cognitive processes influence lower level processing?no
- 45what occurs in the top-down processing?perceiver builds a cognitive udnerstanding of a stimulus using known/familiar sensory information as foundation for structure + other sources of info to build perception
- 46what types of hypotheses do we test in perceptions?what we sense (sensory data)
what we know (knowledge stored)
what we can infer (using thinking)
what we expect
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- Psychology (Intro to Sensation & Perception) FlashCards sobre 5. Form Perception, criado por Reeth G em 23-05-2024.
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- Reeth G
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