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Flashcards

Protozoa 1

Florence Edwards Animal Disease 1 Inglês 177 flashcards

Flashcards do conjunto (177)

  1. 1On what scale are protozoa measured?Microns
  2. 2Does coccidiosis have a single causal organism?No - broad range of causal organisms
  3. 3What are the 3 types of parasitic protozoal infection?Enteric pathogens
    Haemoparasites
    Systemic pathogens
  4. 4Do enteric protozoa have direct or indirect life cycles?Both
  5. 5Give 2 routes of transmission of enteric protozoaWater borne
    Soil transmitted
  6. 6Do haemoparasitic protozoa have direct or indirect life cycles?Indirect
  7. 7What is the route of transmission of haemoparasites?Vector-borne
  8. 8Give 2 symptoms caused by haemoparasitesFever
    Anaemia
  9. 9What are systemic protozoa?Not limited to GI or circulatory system
  10. 10What are the 3 phyla that parasitic protozoa belong to?Phylum sarcomastigophora
    Phylum ciliophora
    Phylum apicomplexa
  11. 11What are the 2 sub-phyla within phylum sarcomastigophora?Subphylum sarcodina
    Subphylum mastigophora
  12. 12Which group is included within the sarcodina?Amoebae
  13. 13How do sarcodina move?Processes or pseudopodia
  14. 14How do mastigophora move?Flagella
  15. 15How do ciliophora move?Cilia
  16. 16How do apicomplexa move?Body flexion
  17. 17What is unusual about the phylum apicomplexa?All are parasitic
  18. 18What is the function of the apical complex?Invasion of host cells
  19. 19What are the 2 divisions of apicomplexa?Coccidia
    Piroplasms
  20. 20What is the difference between coccidia and piroplasms?Coccidia usually enteric
    Piroplasms vector borne
  21. 21Give 6 examples of coccidiaEimeria
    Toxoplasma
    Neospora
    Cryptosporidium
    Isospora
    Sarcocystitis
  22. 22Give 2 examples of piroplasmsBabesia
    Theileria
  23. 23Give 5 examples of flagellatesLeishmania
    Trichomonas
    Trypanosoma
    Giardia
    Histomonas
  24. 24Give an example of a pathogenic ciliateBalantidium
  25. 25When can ciliate protozoa be non-pathogenic?Some are part of the normal commensal flora in the rumen
  26. 26Define definitive hostOne in which a parasite reaches maturity and usually reproduces sexually
  27. 27Define intermediate hostOne in which a parasite develops but does not reach maturity or carry out sexual reproduction
  28. 28Define vectorIntermediate host that carries and transmits developmental stages to another host
  29. 29What is meant by a direct life cycle?Only definitive host required
  30. 30What is meant by an indirect life cycle?Requires both definitive and intermediate hosts
  31. 31What is meant by a vector-borne life cycle?Requires both definitive host and intermediate host vector
  32. 32What are Coccidia?A group containing many apicomplexan parasites
  33. 33What is the term for the active, motile stage of a coccidian parasite?Zoite
  34. 34What is produced by sexual reproduction in coccidia?Oocysts
  35. 35Give 4 structural components of the apical complexRhoptries
    Microneme
    Polar ring
    Conoid
  36. 36What is the first stage of apicomplexa entry into host cell?Receptor detects host cell
  37. 37What is the second stage of apicomplexa entry into host cell?Re-orientation so apical complex is in contact with host cell
  38. 38What is the third stage of apicomplexa entry into host cell?Apical complex forms parasitic vacuole
  39. 39What is the final stage of apicomplexa entry into host cell?Motile part of apical complex allows protozoa to enter cell within parasitic vacuole
  40. 40What is unusual about the asexual reproduction of apicomplexa?Asynchrony between nuclear division and division of cytoplasm
    Causes formation of intermediate multinuclear phases
  41. 41What is the term for this form of asexual reproduction in the apicomplexa?Schizogony
  42. 42What are schizons?Multinuclear stages of apicomplexa
  43. 43Describe the basic coccidian life cycleHost infected by ingesting infective oocysts
    One or more asexual cycles of schizogony
    Sexual cycles via gametes fusing to produce oocysts
    Oocysts sporulate in environment so become infective
  44. 44What is the term for the individual units that burst from host cells in asexual reproduction and can infect other cells?Merozoites
  45. 45Which cells are infected by coccidia?Intestinal epithelial cells
  46. 46What are the male and female forms of gamete in protozoa?Microgamete = male form
    Macrogamete = female form
  47. 47Describe the structure of sporulated coccidian oocystsEach oocyst contains 4 sporocysts
    2 sporozoites within each sporocyst
  48. 48What process produces merozoites?Schizogony (asexual reproduction)
  49. 49What process produces sporozoites?Sporulation of oocysts
  50. 50Give 2 examples of protozoa that can cause coccidiosisEimeria
    Iospora
  51. 51In which livestock animal is Eimeria most important?Poultry
  52. 52Does Eimeria have a direct or indirect life cycle?Direct
  53. 53Describe the life cycle of EimeriaOocyst ingested and sporozoites released
    Sporozoites enter epithelial cells of gut
    Several cycles of schizogony releasing merozoites
    Some merozoites form microgametes and macrogametes
    Sexual reproduction = oocyst
    Oocyst sporulates in environment
  54. 54What is the pre-patent period for Eimeria?84-138 hours
  55. 55Give 3 parasite-related factors that affect the severity of coccidiosisParasite species
    Infection of deep or superficial cell layers
    Infection of distal or proximal parts of the gut
  56. 56Give 3 host factors that affect the severity of coccidiosisAge
    Immunity
    Density of infection
  57. 57Why are young animals more susceptible to coccidiosis?Acquired immunity is good
  58. 58Give 3 environmental conditions required for sporulation of coccidia oocystsWarmth
    Humidity
    Oxygen
  59. 59Why can intensive housing increase the incidence of coccidia?High host density
  60. 60How long can infective oocysts persist in the environment?Months or even years
  61. 61What is the pathology caused by E. tenella in poultry?Inflammation and haemorrhage in caecum
  62. 62Which Eimeria species infects poultry?E. tenella
  63. 63Which 2 Eimeria species infect cattle?E. bovis
    E. zuernii
  64. 64Which 2 Eimeria species infect sheep and goats?E. crandallis
    E. ovinoidallis
  65. 65What is the location of Eimeria in poultry?Caeca
  66. 66What is the location of Eimeria in cattle?Caecum and colon
  67. 67What is the location of Eimeria in sheep and goats?Caecum and colon
  68. 68What is the symptom of Eimeria in poultry?Diarrhoea with blood
  69. 69What are 2 symptoms of Eimeria in cattle?Diarrhoea with blood
    Tenesmus (straining to defecate)
  70. 70What is the symptom of Eimeria in sheep and goats?Severe diarrhoea with blood
  71. 71Give 3 pieces of information that may be obtained from faecal oocyst countsSpecies of parasite
    Number of oocysts
    Stage of infection
  72. 72Give 2 host factors that must be taken into account in diagnosis of coccidiosisHost species
    Clinical context
  73. 73Give 4 diagnostic tests for coccidiosisFaecal oocyst counts
    Specific identification of sporulated oocysts
    Post mortem examination of intestines
    Molecular diagnostic aids
  74. 74Give 2 drugs that can be used to control coccidiosisVaccine available for poultry
    Coccidiostats in feed
  75. 75How can hygiene reduce incidence of coccidiosis?Between batch hygiene including disinfection
  76. 76How can housing management reduce incidence of coccidiosis?Reduced crowding
  77. 77How can water management reduce incidence of coccidiosis?Improved drainage around water points
  78. 78How can feed management reduce incidence of coccidiosis?Reduced faecal contamination of feed
  79. 79How can flooring reduce the incidence of coccidiosis?Wire floors break faeco-oral transmission
  80. 80Which species of crytosporidium is pathogenic in humans and domestic animals?Cryptosporidium parvum
  81. 81Give 2 clinical signs of cryptosporidiumIntermittent anorexia
    Profuse watery diarrhoea
  82. 82What is meant by cryptosporidium auto-infection?Sporulation can occur in intestine of host
    Therefore, sporozoites produced by host can go on to infect the same host with no environmental stage
  83. 83Why is there no treatment for cryptosporidium?Normally self-limiting
  84. 84In which animals or people is cryptosporidium most dangerous?Immunocompromised
  85. 85What happens to thin-shelled oocysts produced by cryptosporidium?Re-infect host tissue
  86. 86What happens to thick-shelled oocysts produced by cryptosporidium?Passed in faeces and are IMMEDIATELY infective
  87. 87Why can cryptosporidium oocysts survive well in the environment?Resistant to environmental conditions
  88. 88Why can cryptosporidium oocysts be resistant to disinfection?Resistant to chlorination
  89. 89Where in the host cell does cryptosporidium develop?Space between cytoplasm and cell membrane
  90. 90What causes the symptoms of cryptosporidium such as diarrhoea?Infected microvilli destroyed when parasite leaves cell
  91. 91What is the apporximate size of Cryptosporidium oocysts?3-5 micrometres
  92. 92Give 2 reasons why Cryptosporidium can contaminate the water supplySmall size means the oocysts can easily pass through normal water filtration systems
    Highly resistant to chlorination
  93. 93Does Cryptosporidium have a wide or narrow host range?Wide host range
  94. 94Give 3 reservoirs of Cryptosporidium infectionBirds
    Wildlife
    Livestock
  95. 95Give 2 ways that humans can become infected with CryptosporidiumWater supplies contaminated with infected animal faeces
    Close contact with infected animals, especially calves
  96. 96Give 2 ways Cryptosporidium incidence in calves can be reducedHygiene
    Batch rearing
  97. 97Which drug can be used as a prophylactic treatment of Cryptosporidium?Halofunginone
  98. 98What are sarcocystidae?Group of coccidian parasites
  99. 99Give 3 examples of sarcocystidaeToxoplasma
    Neospora
    Sarcocystitis
  100. 100How is the life cycle of Sarcocystidae different to Eimeria?Indirect life cycle
    Sexual reproduction occurs in definitive host and asexual stages occur in intermediate hosts
  101. 101What is Toxoplasma gondii?Apicomplexan protozoan parasite
  102. 102Which animals can be infected with Toxoplasma gondii?Infects most species of warm blooded animal, including humans, causing the disease toxoplasmosis
  103. 103What is the definitive host of Toxoplasma gondii?Members of the cat family (Felidae)
  104. 104What are the intermediate hosts of Toxoplasma gondii?Large number including sheep and rodents
  105. 105Give 2 reasons why Toxoplasma gondii is dangerous to humansCan cause abortion and foetal abnormality
    Significant infections in immunocompromised humans e.g. with HIV
  106. 106Why is Toxoplasma gondii of economic significance in sheep farming?Causes abortion
  107. 107Does Toxoplasma gondii cause infection in the definitive host?Little disease - shedding of oocysts is transient
    However, congenital transmission can cause weakness and death of kittens
  108. 108Give 2 ways that cats can become infected with Toxoplasma gondiiIngesting sporulated oocysts
    Ingesting cysts from infected animals such as rodents
  109. 109What are tachyzoites?Develop rapidly in intermediate host and cause cell rupture = fever
  110. 110What are bradyzoites?Intracellular development slowed by host immunity
    Hence insread of rupturing the cell, parasite divised to form a large cyst or bradyzoite within the cell
  111. 111Why can Toxoplasma gondii infection resume if the host becomes immunosuppressed?Bradyzoites remain dormant for many years then re-activate to generate another cycle of tachyzoite dispersal
  112. 112What is the motile form of Toxoplasma gondii?Tachyzoites
  113. 113Give 2 ways humans can become infected with Toxoplasma gondiiIngestion of sporulated oocysts
    Ingestion of under-cooked meat containing bradyzoite cysts
  114. 114How is Toxoplasma gondii infection transmitted from the mother to the foetus?Tachyzoites transmitted across placenta
  115. 115Describe the structure of Toxoplasma gondii oocytes2 sporocysts
    Each contains 4 sporozoites
  116. 116What is the shape of tachyzoites?Crescent shaped
  117. 117In which stage of Toxoplasma gondii infection are tachyzoites present?Acute
  118. 118What is the shape of bradyzoites?Comma shaped
  119. 119In what stage of Toxoplasma gondii infection are bradyzoites present?Chronic or latent phase
  120. 120What protects bradyzoites from the host immune response?Psuedocyst wall
  121. 121Give 2 tissues in which Toxoplasma gondii bradyzoites may encystMuscle
    Brain
  122. 122What is the consequence of a ewe being infected with Toxoplasma gondii early in gestation?Abortion = barren ewe
  123. 123Give 2 clinical signs that a ewe has been infected with Toxoplasma gondii mid-gestation and abortedWhite lesions on placental cotyledons
    Mummification of dead foetus
  124. 124What is the consequence of a ewe being infected with Toxoplasma gondii late in gestation?Still-born or weak lambs
  125. 125Why will Toxoplasma gondii not cause repeat abortion?Strong immunity develops so subsequent pregnancies are normal
  126. 126What happens if Toxoplasma gondii infection occurs during first 2 months of gestation?Foetal death with subsequent expulsion or mummification
  127. 127What happens if Toxoplasma gondii infection occurs during last 2 months of gestation?Apparently normal lambs aborted in last month OR carried to term and born dead/weak
  128. 128What are symptoms of acute phase Toxoplasma gondii in humans?Flu like e.g. muscle aching, swollen lymph nodes
  129. 129Give 3 consequences of human infection with Toxoplasma gondii during pregnancyAbortion
    Foetal abnormality
    Eye problems in young children
  130. 130What can be caused by Toxoplasma gondii infection in very immunosuppressed people?Damage to brain, eyes or other organs
  131. 131Give 3 methods of diagnosing Toxoplasma gondii in sheepImmunofluorescent staining of antigen in foetal tissues
    White spots on cotyledons of aborted placenta
    Rising antibody titre in aborting ewes
  132. 132How can cats be prevented from passing Toxoplasma gondii to sheep?Control of domestic cats
    Vermin and cat-proof feed bins
  133. 133Give 2 ways that Toxoplasma gondii can be controlled medicinally in sheepAnti-coccidials mid pregnancy
    Vaccination 3 weeks before tupping
  134. 134What is the vaccine for Toxoplasma gondii in sheep made up of?Live vaccine containing strain unable to form bradyzoites in muscle tissue so cannot complete life cycle
  135. 135What temperature should meat be cooked to in order to prevent infection with Toxoplasma gondii?66 degrees Celsius
  136. 136When do oocysts from cat faeces sporulate?2-3 days
  137. 137For how long do cats transiently shed Toxoplasma gondii oocysts?1-2 weeks
  138. 138Why can neutering farm cats help prevent transmission of Toxoplasma gondii?Mostly shed oocysts when young or pregnant
  139. 139What does neospora caninum cause in cattle?Abortion
    Congenital neonatal infection
  140. 140What is the definitive host of Neospora caninum?Dog
  141. 141Which dogs may be affected by Neospora caninum?Puppies less than a year old
  142. 142Give 2 symptoms of Neospora in dogsEncephalitis causing neurological signs including paralysis
    Myocarditis
  143. 143Why are the abortions caused by Neospora caninum different to those caused by Toxoplasma gondii?Neospora caninum can cause repeat abortions
  144. 144What are the 2 possible outcomes for calves cogenitally infected with Neospora caninum?Stillborn or weak due to encephalomyelitis
    Some born asymptomatic but females will carry the infection and abort their first pregnancy
  145. 145What is encephalomyelitis?Infection of brain and spinal cord
  146. 146Give 3 ways dogs can become infected with Neospora caninumDirect life cycle in the dog
    Eating contaminated placental material
    Ingesting bradyzoites from intermediate hosts e.g. cattle and sheep
  147. 147What are exogenous Neospora infections?Infections resulting from ingestion of infective forms
  148. 148What are endogenous Neospora infections?Infections resulting from re-activation of bradyzoites during pregnancy
  149. 149What is the principle route of transplacental transmission of Neospora in cattle?Endogenous infection
  150. 150What are the infective forms of Neospora in cattle?Sporulated oocysts
  151. 151What are the infective forms of Neospora in dogs?Sporulated oocysts
    Tachyzoites
    Bradyzoites
  152. 152Can humans act as an intermediate host for Neospora?No
  153. 153In which 2 species can endogenous trans-placental transmission of Toxoplasma gondii occur?Humans
    Cats
  154. 154How is Neospora caninum diagnosed?Histology and immunostaining of aborted foetal tissue, especially brain
  155. 155How can infection of cattle with Neospora by dogs be reduced?Prevent contamination of animal feed with dog faeces
  156. 156How can infection of farm dogs with Neospora be reduced?Prevent them gaining access to offal such as placental material
  157. 157How can an existing Neospora infection be removed from a cattle herd?Culling of seropositive cows and their offspring
  158. 158How can introduction of Neospora into a herd by replacement animals be avoided?Purchasing from seronegative herd
  159. 159Is a vaccine available for Neospora?Inactivated tachyzoite vaccine available only in the US
  160. 160What is sarcocystitis?Genus of protozoa infecting mammals, birds and reptiles
  161. 161Does sarcocystitis have a direct or indirect life cycle?Indirect
  162. 162How does sarcocystitis affect the carnivore definitive host?Asymptomatic gut infection
  163. 163How does sarcocystitis affect the herbivore intermediate host?Cysts in muscle and other tissue may lead to clinical signs
  164. 164What is the name of the cattle-dog sarcocystitis?S. bovicanis
  165. 165What is the name of the sheep-dog sarcocystitis?S. ovicanis
  166. 166What is the name of the cattle-human sarcocystitis?S. bovihominis
  167. 167What is the term for cysts that develop in the muscle of the sarcocystitis intermediate host?Sarcocysts
  168. 168What type of reproduction occurs in the sarcocystitis definitive host?Asexual and sexual reproduction cycles in the gut
  169. 169What type of reproduction occurs in the sarcocystitis intermediate host?Asexual reproduction in endothelial cells
  170. 170What can S. bovicanis cause in the definitive host?GI disturbance
  171. 171Where does S. bovicanis develop in the cow?Develops in blood vessels
    Encysts in muscle tissue
  172. 172Give 2 possible symptoms of S. bovicanis in the cowPost mortem lesions
    Myeloencephalitis
  173. 173How can sarcocystitis be identified in the intermediate host during meat inspection?Microscopic cysts within muscle
  174. 174Which organism causes Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis?Sarcocystitis neurona
  175. 175Give 2 symptoms of Equine Protozoal MyeloencephalitisCaudal ataxia
    Weakness
  176. 176What causes the symptoms of Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis?Sarcocysts develop in CNS
  177. 177What is the normal life cycle of S. neurona?Opossum definitive host
    Intermediate host is bird, skunk or armadillo
    Horse is accidental or 'dead-end' host

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Animal Disease 1 (Parasitology) FlashCards sobre Protozoa 1, criado por Florence Edwards em 29-01-2017.
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