Attachment

Attachment

1. Caregiver-infant interactions in humans

   • Reciprocity
     • Brazelton
   • Interactional synchrony
     • Condon and Sander
     • Murray and Trevarthen Isabella et al
     • Meltzoff and Moore
       • Suggests behaviours are innate
         • No demand characteristis
           • Controlled observation
             • Inter-obsever reliability
         • Murray and trevarthen
       • Pseudo imitation
         • Failure to replicate findings
           • Individual differences
             • Isabella et al
           • Marian et al
         • Piaget
   • Stages of attachment
     • Schaffer and Emerson
       • Good ecological validity
       • Unreliable
         • Low Pop validity
           • Inflexible
             • Cultural variations
               • Sagi et al
               • Multiple attachments equivalent?
                 • Bowlby, Rutter
   • Role of the father
     • Bowlby
       • Field
         • Frodi
     • Grossman
       • Brown et al
         • MacCallum and Golombok

2. Animal Studies

   • Lorenz
     • Value of research
     • Extrapolation
       • Questionable conclusions
         • Guiton
   • Harlow
     • High internal validity
     • Low ecological valdity
       • Unethical
         • Lack of generalisability

3. Explanations

   • Learning Theory
     • Donard and Miller
     • Plausible and scientific explanaion
     • Lorenz
       • Harlow
         • Schaffer and Emerson
   • Evolutionary Theory
     • Bowlby
     • Schaffer and Emerson
       • Lamb
         • Harlow
       • Cultural differences
     • Lorenz
       • Harlow

4. Types of Attachment

   • Strange situation
     • Ainsworth
     • Internal validity
       • Inter-observer reliability
         • Interactionist theory
           • Caregiver sensitivity hypothesis
             • Results used in other studies
               • Cooper et al
             • DeWolff and Van Ijzendoorn
           • Belsky and Rovine
     • Low ecological validity
       • Low pop. validity
         • Low cultural validity
           • Temperament of child
             • Kagan and Fox
             • Small sample
           • Takahashi
     • 4th type
       • Main and Solomon
   • Cultural variations
     • Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg
     • Meta analysis- ethically sound
       • Excluded studies
         • Significant applications to psychology
     • Ethnocentric, imposed etic
       • Not representative
         • Limited sample

5. Effects of Deprivation

   • 44 Juveniles Study
     • Showed a correlation
     • Cannot prove cause and effect
       • Deprivation v Privation
         • Rutter
         • Interview bias
           • Retrospective data
   • Maternal Deprivation Hypothesis
     • Bowlby
     • Bifulco et al
       • Harlow
         • Goldfarb
     • Disruption rather than physical
       • Social factors
         • Lyons-Ruth
         • Didn't take quality into account
       • Rutter, Radke-Yarrow

6. Effects of Privation (Institutionalisation)

   • Rutter and Sonuga-Barke
     • Longitudinal Study
     • Individual differences
       • Era dependant
         • Singer et al
         • Effects may not be irreversable
           • Situational factors
             • Turner and Lloyd
   • Zeanah et al
   • LeMare and Audet
   • Factors
     • Quality of care at institutuion
       • Age
         • Rutter and sonuga barke
         • Quality of care after
           • LeMare and Audet
       • Dontas

7. Influence of early attachment on adult relationships

   • Hazan and Shaver
     • Freeney and Noller
       • Keeler, Dion, Dion
         • Gerard McCarthy
     • Retrospective recall
       • Volunteer bias
         • Social desirability bias
           • Cause and effect can not be assumed
             • Kagan
               • Simpson et al
               • Belsky and Rovine
   • Internal Working Model
     • Bowlby