Mapa mental

Respiratory system

aisha al-baker Inglês

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Respiratory system

Anatomy
- upper respiratory tract
  - nose
    - external
    - nasal cavity
      - function
        lightening the weight of the head
        moisten and heating inhaled air
  - pharynx
    - anatomical regionn
      - nasopharynx
      - oropharynx
      - laryngopharynx
    - function
      - Passageway for air and food
      - Provides a resonating chamber for speech sounds
      - Houses the tonsil
  - larynx
    - function
      - Prevent food & other particles from entering the airway
    - laryngeal cartilges & ligaments
    - muscles
      - cricothyroid muscle
        stretches & tenses vocal ligament
      - thyro-arytenoid
        relax vocal ligament
      - vocalis
        relax post vocal ligament
      - post crycoarytenoid
        abduct vocal ligament
      - transverse arytenoid
        adduct arytenoid cartilage
      - oblique arytenoid
      - lateral cricoarytenoid
        adduct vocal fold
- lower respiratory tract
  - lungs
  - bronchi
  - trachea
physiology
- lung compliance
  - determined by
    - the elastic characteristic of lung
    - surface tension
    - lung volume
  - volume change that occurs in a system per unit pressure change (△ V/ △ P )
- pulmnary ventilation
  - muscles of inspiration
    - core muscles
      - diaphragm
      - external intercostal
    - accessory muscles
      - sternocleidomastoid
      - pectoralis minor
  - muscles of expiration
    - core muscle
      - internal intercostal
      - diaphragm
    - accessory muscles
      - abdominals
      - quadratus lumborm
  - lung pressure & forces
- phonation
  - physiological process where the energy of air in the vocal tract is transformed into acoustic energy within larynx
  - characteristic
    - frequency
      - rate of vibration of vocal cord
    - intensity
      - amplitude of sound wave
- airway resistance
  - regulation
    - smooth muscle constriction
      - parasympathetic stimulation
      - histamine
    - smooth muscle dilation
      - nitric oxide
      - sympathetic stimulation
classification
- conducting portion
  - allow air pass
  - from nose to terminal bronchiole
- respiratory portion
  - allow gas exchange
  - respiratory bronchiole
  - alveolar sac
  - alveolar duct
  - alveoli
diseases
- obstructive lung diseases
  - COPD
    - irreversible airway obstruction with destruction of bronchi
    - patient >40 years
    - causes
      - smoking
      - exposure to pollution
    - clinical presentation
      - shortness of breath
      - cough with sputum
  - cystic fibrosis
  - asthma
    - triggered by
      - extrinsic
        family history of allegic diseases
        eczema
        hay fever
      - intrinsic
        infections
        excersice
        stress
        inhaled irritant
        drugs
        exposure to cold
    - pathogenesis
    - signs & symptoms
      - wheezing
      - shortness of breath
        12-20 breaths/min
        other causes
        pnemounia
        subglottic stenosis
        lung cancer
        COPD
        allergy reactions
        congestive heart disease
        arrhythmia
      - chest pain & tightness
      - rapid pulse
      - cough
        types
        acute
        3 weeks
        subacute
        3-8 weeks
        chronic
        >8 weeks
        other causes
        infection
        smoking
        ACE inhibitors
        gastroesophageal reflux disease
        pulmonary embolism
        heart failure
    - investigation
      - spirometry
        measure the air that is expired and inspired.
        values
        FEV1
        normal
        >=80%
        FEV1/FVC
        normal
        >=85%
      - peak flow meter
        Used to assess the severity of an asthma attack
        values
        50-75%
        moderate
        33-50%
        acute severe
        <33%
        life threatening
    - classification
    - prevelance
      - globally
        high as 334 million
      - USA
        adult aged 18 & over
        18.4 million (7.6%)
        children under 18
        6.2 million (8.4%)
        no. of deaths
        3615
      - Qatar
        3283 children in 2005
    - management
      - aim
        reduce impairment
        Reduce risk of unwanted outcomes
      - patient education
        asthma action plan
      - pharmacological
        beta agonist
        inhaled
        long term
        MOA
        fast acting
        bronchodilation
        adverse effect
        tremor
        hyperglycemia
        anxiety
        hypokalemia
        examples
        Salmeterol
        Formoterol
        corticosteroids
        MOA
        Reduce airways inflammation
        inhaled/oral
        adverse effect
        Hyperglycemia
        acne
        bruising
        gastric erosions
        examples
        Prednisolone
        Beclomethasone
        leukotriene inhibtors
        adverse effect
        nausea
        diarrhea
        rash
        headache
        increase liver enzymes
        orally
        examples
        Montelucast
        Zafirlucast
        cromolyn sodium
        Prevent Mast cell degranulation
        treatment of food allergy
        inhaled
        examples
        Sodium Cromoglycate
    - complication
      - asthma attack
        symptoms
        shortness of breath
        wheezing
        chest tightness
        chest retraction
        cyanosis
        rapid movement of nostril
        management
        short acting b2 agonist
        treat bronchospasm
        oxygen
        cholinergic antagonist
        decrease in mucous production
        Corticosteroids
        reverse mucosal edema and decreasing capillary permeability.
- restrictive lung diseases
  - asbestosis
  - sarcidosis
- croup
  - common in children
  - stages
    - prodromal stage
      - 1-2 days
      - clinical presentation
        Rhinitis with nasal dischargs
        low grade fever
    - Laryngotracheal inflammation stage
      - 2-7 days
      - symptoms occur at night
      - clinical presentation
        mild
        barking cough
        hoarseness
        moderate
        dyspnea
        pallor
        tachycardia
        severe
        cyanosis
        hypoxia
        bradycardia
  - causes
    - viral infection
      - parainfluenza virus
      - respiratory syncytial virus
      - adenovirus
    - bacterial infection
      - Staphylococcus aureus
      - Streptococcus pneumoniae
  - symptoms
    - fever
    - barking cough
    - stridor
      - causes
        congenital
        vocal cord paralysis
        Subglottic stenosis
        Laryngeal web
        mouth and tongue abnormalities
        acquired
        febrile
        Epiglottitis
        Abscess
        Acute laryngitis
        Diphtheria
        afebrile
        Foreign body
        trauma
      - types
        inspiratory
        Expiratory
        Biphasic
    - hoarseness
    - anxiety
    - Difficulty in swallowing
  - management
    - pharmacological
      - corticosteroids
        decrease edema
        for mild croup
        oral,IM OR inhaled dexamthasone
      - Nebulized Epinephrine:
        Reduces vascular permeability
        for severe croup
      - Supplemental oxygen
    - Humidification therapy
      - no longer recommended
  - discharge criteria
    - No stridor at rest
    - Minimal or no retractions
    - Pulse ox ≥ 93%
    - Reliable caretaker
    - Tolerating PO intake
    - normal color
    - normal level of consiousness

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Descrição: Mapa Mental sobre Respiratory system, criado por aisha al-baker em 04-05-2018.
Criado por: aisha al-baker
Visualizações: 7
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Respiratory system

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