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Stalin

Ethan Shannon-Craven History International Baccalaureate Inglês 4,0Avaliação média 4,0 de 5 (1 avaliação)

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Stalin

Rise to Power
- Conditions in USSR (1924)
  - Bolshevik Party
    - Consolidation
      - Violent means
    - Ban
      - factionalism
  - 1st communist state
    - International isolation
  - Gulags
  - No public worship
  - Nationalization
- Stalin vs Trotsky
  - Lenin's funeral
  - 'Stalin is the new Lenin'
  - Triumvarate
    - Kamenev
    - Zioniev
    - Anti-trotsky
    - Positions
      - See Stalin's position
      - Patronage
  - Trotsky
    - Not present
      - Commitment?
    - Politburo
      - see him as danger
    - Jewish
    - Only became Bolshevik
      - 1917
    - Intellectual not orator
  - Debate
    - NEP
      - S
        Used T's attitude to undermine him
        Seen as disruptive force by party
        Support decreased
      - T
        Wanted to squeeze peasants for resources to advance revolution
        NEP put interest of Nepmen over revolution
    - Modernization
      - S
        Persuade peasants to co-operate + create surplus
        right comm.
      - T
        Force peasants to conform
        left comm.
        Division in nation
    - Ideological
      - S
        Socialism in One Country
        Focus on turning USSR => modern state
        T's ideas = threat to security
      - T
        Permanent Revolution
        Export revolution
        Appeared irresponsible
        removed from position
        1925
- S's Position
  - People's Commissar for Nationalities (17)
    - In charge of officials in many regions that made up USSR
  - Head of Workers' and Peasants' Inspectorate (19)
    - oversaw all gvmt departments
  - General Secretary
    - Knew everything that happened
  - patronage
- Defeat of L and R
  - Left
    - Trotsky
      - Lost propaganda war (20s)
        Removed from position
        Support of Zinoviev + Kamenev
    - New opposition
      - T, Z, K
      - S used support from right to resist pressure
        outvoted + expelled from party
  - Right
    - Stood in way of S's industrial/agricultural ideas
      - industrialisation
      - collectivisation
    - Played on fears of R
      - fears of revolution
    - Poor organisation
      - hoped could win over party with persuasion
    - lack of support
      - only trade unions
      - S politically assaulted them
        completely undermined by 1929
Establishment of Authoritarian States
- Economic Policies
  - Collectivization
    - Aims
      - Bring peasants under control
      - Raise capital
      - Centralize agriculture
        USSR needed ind. development
        land could provide both
        surplus to be sold
        workers for industry
    - Methods
      - Land owned by state
        no longer farm for individual profit
        believe => large farms more efficient
      - Kulaks
        Created as class to justify collectivization
        Dekulakization
        Propaganda campaign
        Land + property seized
        Sped up collectivization
        OGPU
        23-34
        Became NKVD in 34 and before was Cheka
        arrested + deported
      - forced on reluctant peasants
    - Effects
      - Civil War in cside
      - Massive social upheaval
      - Famine
      - Peasants moved to towns
        less pressure on land
      - Peasants ate grain + murdered livestock
    - Success?
      - 25% collectivized (1930)
      - Achieved S's aims
      - Helped S consolidate power/authority
      - Contribution to industrialization
      - Man-made famine
        6-8 million peasents died
  - Industrialisation
    - Aims
      - Establish war economy
      - Prepare USSR to fight against capitalists abroad
      - Rapid increase of iron, steel + oil
        war
    - Methods
      - 5y plans
        1st plan
        set targets
        quotas falsified
        Produciton of coal, iron + electricity was boosted
      - Socialism in One Country
        Used to promote industrialisation
      - Stakhanovite Movement
        14x normal amount of coal
        inspire workres
    - Effects
      - Succeeded in heavy industry
      - Failed to raise standards of living
      - Rusian win WW2
      - 3 FYP stopped by Nazi invasion
- The Purges (1929-34)
  - Difficult to maintain effective opposition
  - Removed anyone seen as threat to S
    - surrendered party card followed by expulsion
  - Accompanied by
    - Gulags
    - Civilian Police
    - NKVD
  - Ryutin Affair (32)
    - Rightist opposition
    - Stalin paranoid
    - Kirov Purges (1934)
      - Decree Agaisnt Terrorist Acts
        Used to justify purges
- Great Terror (36-39)
  - Intensified purges
  - 3 main sections
    - Party
    - Army
    - People
  - Purges made legal
    - Forced confessions
      - suggested large conspiracy against S
    - Lack of opposition
      - Many welcomed
        Increase local power
        Stronger USSR
        Revolutionary Idealism
  - Significance
    - Stalin became the party
      - Destroyed opposition so much
        He ended up making all deciisons
      - Politburo
        Destroyed actual power
        last remenants of 'democratic' rule
      - Ability to make ppl work towards him
        political advancement depedent on supporting S
    - Coupled with propaganda
      - People
        Always in fear
        Indoctrinated at every step
        support
        Party
        Stalin
        cult of personaity
        replace
        Religion
        Tsar
Domestic Policies and Impact
- Minorities
  - Kulaks
    - Aimed to liquidate as class
    - Accused of holding back revolution
    - Taking farms away
      - justified collectivization
    - Deported to Siberia
  - Baltic States
    - Wanted to spread Soviet
      - Sphere of influence
      - Communism
      - Occupation and annexation
        40-41
        44
    - Mass deportation of baltic people
      - Social effects
  - Religious
    - Encourage worship of Stalin
    - atheist society
    - Campaigns to suppress Jews
    - Buddhists and Muslims
      - deported
    - Traditions supressed
      - religious buildings shut down
      - religious leaders persecuted
      - Anti-religious laws
  - Deportation
    - Prevent western USSR from supporting G
    - Total control
    - Grand scale deportation to Siberia
      - Crimean Tartars
      - Volga Germans
    - 1/2 of 4 million deported died
    - 20 mil uprooted from homes
- Soviet Culture
  - Socialist Realism
    - All work to reflect problems, victories + progression of working class
  - Paintings + sculptures
    - Promote Stalin as symbol of Soviet glory
  - Films
    - Make all arts a propaganda tool
    - Demonise enemy
  - Literature
    - Promote socialist realism
      - Union of Soviet Writers
  - Komsomol
    - Youth Movement to create loyal following for future
  - Stakhanovite Movement
- Religion
  - Aims
    - Removal of all churches
    - Spread cult of personality
    - Church members => gulags
  - Effects
    - 1941 - 54,000 churches (before WW1) => 500
    - League of Militant Godless
    - Young Pioneers
      - like scouts
    - Public made to believe Church
      - Corrupt
      - greedy
    - Worship of Stalin
- Women
  - Aims
    - Equality
    - Modernize
    - Stable economy
  - Methods
    - unregistered marriages => no longer recognised
    - Homosexuality outlawed
    - Family
      - Women > 2 children = heroines
    - 1936
      - Housewife Movement
      - Abortion illegal
    - Women not allowed in politics
  - Effects
    - Control over women
    - Female workforce - 15 million by 1945
- Education
  - Aims
    - Modernize
    - Widespread + available to everyone (compulsory)
    - Skilled + disciplined workers for industrialisation
    - Future loyal generations
    - Spread literacy
    - Sense of nationalism
  - Methods
    - 000s of new schools
    - Compulsory 5-15
    - Newspaper prices reduced
    - Compulsory uniforms
    - 1935
      - tests + examinations re-introduced
    - Traditional, core subjects
    - Emphasis on discipline
    - Textbooks rewritten
    - Teachers
      - Monitored by Secret Police
  - Effects
    - Literacy: 28-86%
    - World-class education system
    - Growth of innovative ideas

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Descrição: All notes
Criado por: Ethan Shannon-Craven
Visualizações: 316
Tags: ib history: stalin: rise to power
Avaliação: Avaliação média 4,0 de 5 (1 avaliação)

Stalin

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