Holy Roman Empire

Holy Roman Empire

1. Investiture Controversy

   • issue
     • invest = appoint
       • bishops
     • who has the authority (Holy Roman Emperor or Pope)
       • Pope
         • only weapon
           • excommunitcation
             • therefore not christian
               • and crusade can be declared
         • Gregory VII
         • some nobles support
           • they see opportunity Similar to Feudal Japan
           • causes division in Germany
             • not united until 1800s
       • HRE
         • Military Power
         • Henry IV
       • Internal strife in Germany

2. Golden Bull

   • HRE
     • Elected
       • impact
         • competition b/t
           • electors
           • "candidates"
           • HRE +
           • nobles
           • "foreign"
           • unity prevented
             • SO... No Germany
               • To unify an elector has to rise above
       • significance
         • temporal
       • perception (you) ?
     • excludes
       • Bavaria
       • Papacy
       • Habsburgs

3. Fredrick II (Habsburg)

   • Goal
     • Unification
     • Method
       • good
         • no war
           • thus $
       • bad
         • spread up
           • marrying people all over Europe
             • no "unity"
   • last in Rome (Nicholas V)
   • Legacy
     • Imperial Court
       • disputes with nobility
     • Conflict
       • HUN
       • France
         • Valois
     • Finances?
       • goes into debt
         • loans (Fuggers)
     • Charles V
       • Ottomans
       • debt
         • gold/silver (Americas)
           • 80% goes to bankers economy goes downhill
       • Protestant Reformation
         • some of electors are protestant so electors don't have to be loyal to HOLY Roman Emperor

4. Who?

   • Charlemagne
     • Charle/magne Charles the great
     • Louis the Pious
       • Charlemagne's son
       • has three sons
         • splits HRE between sons
           • succession crisis

5. What?

   • Territory w/i W. Eur. focused on "Germany"

6. Why?

   • protection of Papal States + "unity of Eur under a temporal ruler crowned by the pope (spiritual)

7. sig/impact

   • Have claims to ROMAN EMPIRE through HISTORICAL CLAIM
     • Has claim to ALL of the previous Roman Empire

8. Maximilian I

   • Goal
     • Method
       • war
         • $
           • debt
     • expansion
   • Government (C.B.)
     • success
       • 6 districts (eventually 10)
         • levy taxes
         • recruits troops
         • enforce laws/decrees
     • failure
       • fought by nobility to preserve power
         • loyalty to crown is key to success in medieval Europe King wants more power, nobles want more power King needs loyalty  Nobles won't be loyal Middle Classes are used in government