Notas

Monarchy and Government Tudors pre Elizabeth AS

Holly Dodds History AS level Inglês 9 páginas

Conteúdo das notas (9)

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Monarchy and Government

Personal and political qualities of the

Tudor monarchs

Henry VIII 1509 – 47

Came to the throne at the age of 17

He was not expected to become king as his

elder brother, Arthur, was expected to rise to the throne – Arthur died in 1502

He was

intelligent

o Spoke four or five languages

o Sing and Dance

o Wrote poems and songs

Henry was

forceful and sometimes cruel as king

He disliked

writing state papers

Influenced

by the idea of ‘honour’

o Defending England’s rights abroad

Regaining

territory lost in France

Inspired by

Henry V

Edward VI 1547 – 53

Came to the throne at the age of 9

Educated by the best humanist figures in the

country

Able child – at the age of 7 he was learning to

read Latin

1550 – could speak 3 languages

Expected to lead an army

Learning to become increasingly involved in

government

Growing Protestant faith

Mary I 1553

Became queen at the age of 37

Intelligent

Well educated

Teenage and adult years were overshadowed by

Henry attempting to annul his marriage to her mother

During Edward’s reign, she was under constant

pressure to change her beliefs but refused

She was extremely stubborn

Trying to convert England back to Catholicism

Her belief that her marriage to Philip II was

the best way to achieve her religious aims

Her health affected her ability to rule

effectively

Suffered from anxiety and depression

Her desperation to bear a son and heir led to

phantom pregnancies

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Marriages and Relationships

What

problems did Henry VIII face in securing the Tudor succession?

Needed a surviving son

As there was a lot

of diseases that affected the young, it was advised that a King would

have more than one surviving son

Failure to produce a son would put the Tudor

dynasty in danger and cause speculation

Could lead to plots

‘White Rose Party’ – rival claimants – often harshly

dealt with

Although Catherine was older than Henry when

they got married, there was no reason to believe that she would not be able to

provide an heir

Between 1510 and 1518 she suffered a series of

miscarriages and infant deaths

In an age where a man had to rule the lack of a

male heir was disastrous for Henry

The lack of an heir was part of the reason Henry

later divorced Catherine

Henry’s search for a son and heir

Married Anne in 1533

She was already pregnant by him

A daughter – Elizabeth

Henry argued that his marriage to Catherine had

never been legal and thus Mary was illegitimate

The Act of

Succession (1534) – confirmed Elizabeth as the new heir to the throne

Anne’s subsequent miscarriages, including that

of a deformed male foetus in Jan 1536, helped to bring about her downfall

Henry wanted to wipe the slate clean by

annulling his marriage to Anne Boleyn

The second Act of

Succession (1536) – Anne Boleyn was executed on the charge of adultery

and Henry then married Jane Seymour

Jane gave birth to Edward in 1537 but then died

shortly after

Despite 3 more marriages after Jane, Henry did

not have any more children

Henry’s

reign was rocked by a serious rebellion in 1536

In the aftermath, the remaining Yorkist’s were

executed or forced to flee the country

Third Act of

Succession (1544) – restored both Mary and Elizabeth as heirs to the

throne after Edward, although he never reversed their illegitimacy

The role of faction at the Tudor court

Factions were used in attempts to gain personal

access to the king/queen

In the later part of Henry’s reign, factions

formed along religious lines

Conservative – favoured a return to traditional,

Catholic forms of worship

Reformer – favoured more reform to make the

English clergy more Protestant

These factions competed to influence Henry by

placing their supporters in positions where they could influence him, often in

the Privy council

Henry balanced them by placing off against each

other

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Henry VIII’s will, 1547

It became clear Henry would die before Edward

was older enough to take the throne himself

Henry’s ill health meant he was not able to

control the rival factions in the government

This led to political instability

The balance of power had to go in the way of the Earl of Hertford

Hertford ensured that men loyal to him were in

important positions in the Privy Chamber – where they had direct access to the

dry stamp

When Henry was dying, a series of political

manoeuvrings took place through which Hertford was able to enhance his control

over the future boy king

Regency council gave

‘full power and authority’

‘unfulfilled gifts’ clause added to the will

Henry’s death was kept secret for 3 days –

negotiations took place, including the custody and control of Edward

Hertford made Edward’s protector

Edward VI and the question of the succession, 1553

Historians used to believe Edward was a sickly

child whose early death was no surprise

Edward, in fact,

was in generally good health

Took part in sports and won competitions etc.

Early 1553 – Edward fell ill with a feverish

cold that rapidly developed into incurable pulmonary tuberculosis

Edward had no male family members to take the

throne

His decisions were being influenced by Dudley

Sir John Gates, who was previously loyal to Hertford,

changed his loyalties to Northumberland, giving Northumberland access to the

dry stamp.

By 1553 the country had undergone dramatic

religious changes

Fully Protestant church

Edward knew that due to the 1534 act of succession, Mary had been

bastardised

This explains why Edward chose to pass over Mary

in 1552

Despite Elizabeth being protestant, Edward did

not leave her the throne either

Edward thought that she was not legitimate due

to the 1536 act of succession

Suspect legitimacy could be manipulated by

potential rivals to the throne

Edward’s ‘device for the succession’

Edward began to draw up a document in early 1553

Written and altered by Edward himself – shows

how as Edward’s illness progressed, Edward’s plans changed

Initially,

Edward had planned to marry and have sons of his own

Edward assumed there would be enough time for

either the Duchess of Suffolk or her eldest daughter Jane to have a son and

heir.

He left the crown to ‘the Lady Fraunceses heir’s males’ or for lack of such

issue to the Lady Jane’s male heirs

In May 1553 it became that Edward was dying

Edward altered the device so that it stated that

Jane should inherit the throne should she not provide a male heir before his

death

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The Duke of Northumberland and the disputed succession

Debate over how much input Northumberland into

the device

Northumberland was careful to control access to

Edward through Privy Chamber

Northumberland’s power came from his

relationship with Edward

He was responsible for overseeing the final

stages of the Protestant Reformation

Unlikely to support the claim from Mary or

Elizabeth

He could not control Elizabeth or Mary in the

way he did Edward

Lady Jane Grey would be Northumberland’s

daughter in law

Why did Mary Tudor become queen in 1553?

Despite the fact,

Edward her written out her succession Mary gained popular support in 1553

Under the laws of the kingdom, she was next in line for the throne

Northumberland told Mary that he would support

her, but spies in court informed her that he was lying

It did not look like Mary could claim the throne

because Northumberland had control of London, the central offices of government

and the navy

She gained support from nobility e.g. Earl of

Sussex

All these men provided money and resources to

the cause of getting Mary on the throne

Word spread of Mary’s defiance

Many originally followed orders and declared

Jane but buckled and began to support Mary

On July 18 – arrest was issued for

Northumberland

What were 16th-century

attitudes towards female rulers?

Women believed to be inferior to men

John Knox wrote that the ‘regiment’ of women was

‘monstrous’

Women could not be trusted because it was Eve

who was led to temptation in the Garden of Eden

In the Tudor period circumstances were different

because there were no male heirs at the time

The king and queen were defined roles at the

time

King – rules his country, dispense justice and

defend the realm by leading troops into battle

Queen – wife, to intercede with king for peace

and mercy, and to provide him with a son and heir

When Mary and Elizabeth went to the throne it

was expected for them to get married so the king could take on the king’s

responsibility

How did Mary approach the issue of marriage?

Philip was in many ways an obvious choice

If Mary had married a member of the English

court, this could cause jealousy and rivalry at court

Philip is equal in rank to Mary

Mary was half Spanish herself

Spain controlled the Netherlands, which was a

vital partner in the English cloth trade

Philip was a devout Catholic

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People thought that because Philip was the king,

that meant that the country was going be ruled by a foreigner

Mary drew up a marriage

treaty (1554) that protected her power in England

Philip would have the title of king, but he

would not rule. He would only be allowed to assist Mary

If Mary were to die first, Philip would not be

able to rule as King of England on his own. Philip’s son by an earlier, Don

Carlos, would also have no claim to the throne

Any children of the marriage would inherit the

throne

Philip was not allowed to appoint foreigners to

positions in the English government

England would not be drawn into wars between

Spain and France

The fears about the marriage were some of

the reasons that caused the Wyatt Rebellion

Parliament

The power of parliament

During the Tudor period, parliament became

important through the additions of:

Grant taxation

Sole right to pass laws

When a monarch needed taxation to supplement their

income (usually for war or another emergency)

Monarchs retained the right to veto any laws

they did not like and to summon and dismiss parliament at will

Most monarchs would summon government

periodically to get a feel for the people

Parliament organisation

Two chambers

Unelected House of Lords

House of Commons – filled with elected MPs

Two MPs were elected to represent each county of

England, and some boroughs (towns) also had the right to send MPs to parliament

To vote in a county they had to own a property

that brought in an income of at least 40 shillings (£2) per year

Voting restricted to those wealthy enough to own

property

Parliament tended to represent the interests of

the gentry and nobility

Henry VIII’s parliaments before 1529

Henry VII’s parliament met 7 times in his

24-year reign

Parliament met 4 times 1509-1529

Its role was mainly to grant taxation

As Henry’s foreign policy had become costly and

ineffective

The burden of taxation increased and parliament

became more reluctant to grant Henry large amounts of money

Wolsey was met with silence when he approached

parliament to raise taxation

The parliament 1512-14 showed some anti-clerical

feeling

1512 – passed an Act to limit ‘benefit of clergy’

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From ‘king and parliament’ to ‘king – in – parliament’

The term ‘reformation

parliament’ was not used until the 19th century

The 1529-31 sessions

1529 – the king was still searching for a way to

achieve the annulment of his marriage

3/26 statutes dealt with religious matters

Parliament met again for a second session in Jan

1531

Henry was threatening to use the parliament as a

method to put pressure on Pope Clement VII to act

He told the pope that he planned to refer his

divorce case to parliament

The 1532 session

Cromwell had been appointed to the king’s

Council

Started using his power to enable Henry to get a

divorce from Catherine

The Act of

Conditional Restraint of Annates applied pressure on the Church by

threatening to forbid newly appointed bishops from making customary payments to

the pope

o Act was made ‘conditional’ (delayed for a year)

Anti-clericalism

in the commons was also manipulated by the production of a petition – the Commons’

Supplication – a list of complaints against the Church to which Convocation was

forced to submit

The 1533-34 sessions

Feb 1533 – parliament met with urgency

Henry had married Anne, who was already pregnant

Any annulment from Catherine could still be

challenged in Rome

Henry needed to ensure Anne’s child would be

legitimate

Cromwell drafted the Act in Restraint of Appeals

Cuts of any attempt by Catherine to appeal her

case in Rome

Allowed Cranmer to declare Henry’s first

marriage void under English law

1534 – used to confirm and enhance the new Royal

Supremacy and break with Rome

Act of Annates made permanent

Act of Succession

Confirmed Henry’s position as the head of the

church

The treason act

widened the definition of treason – not only through deeds but through words

The use of parliament from 1536 to 1547

After the break of Rome, Cromwell and Henry

continued to use parliament

1536 – act for

the dissolution of the smaller monasteries

1539 – act for

the dissolution of the larger monasteries

Parliament was also used to dictate religion

Act of Ten

Articles(1536) – promoted a more ‘reformed version of faith’

Act of Six

Articles(1539) – reflected Henry’s reversion to a more conservative

doctrine

The second and third

acts of succession (1539 and 1544) rewrote the succession twice more

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The consequences of the Reformation parliament

Once parliament had been used to break from Rome

monarchs were forced to return to it when religious and political needed to be

altered

Idea that

it was more powerful for a king acting in conjunction with parliament due to

the change to ‘king-in-parliament’

Reigns of Mary and Elizabeth reinforced the idea

of Royal Supremacy

New

powers meant that monarchs were forced to call parliament more frequently

Between 1526 and 1536 there were sessions nearly

every year

More meetings meant MPs were more confident in

expressing their views

New tactics had to be developed

Parliament and freedom of speech

MPs feared that without the guarantee that they

would be able to speak freely while debating, they could face arrest and

imprisonment

Pre-Elizabeth – freedom of speech was usually

respected by government

Parliament could not choose the topic for debate

Were occasions where the Tudors faced opposition

from their parliaments

1532 – opposition to the Annates bill forced Henry to come to parliament himself to

intimidate commons with his presence

Parliament under Edward and Mary

Edward – parliament used to continue and

accelerate the Protestant reformation

Mary – reversed the religious changes seen under

Edward and Henry

Historian (Sir John Neale) – used to be thought

that Mary’s parliament saw a growth in an organised Protestant opposition.

Mary’s parliament was easy to manage

1555 – serious opposition to two proposed bills

First bill

proposed that payments to the Church known as ‘First Fruits and Tenths’ that

had been seized by Henry should be returned to the church

Caused opposition because it was only

Catherine’s supporters who supported the bill

Second

bill known as ‘Exiles Bill’ proposed that the lands and property of men who had

gone into exile and refused to return could be seized

If the monarchy had given up the funds they gain

from the First Fruits and Tenths, then taxation may have been raised

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Crown Servants

Enhancing the power of the monarch they are

serving

Wolsey and Cromwell came from humble beginnings

Reliant on Henry to keep their power

Wolsey

Son of an Ipswich butcher

In 1509 he became an almoner (someone who distributed money to the poor)

He became a member of the king’s council in the same year

Pleased the king through the war effort against

France 1512-14

1514 – Wolsey made archbishop of York

1515 – Wolsey made cardinal and Lord

Chancellor

1518 – Wolsey made legate a latere

From 1525 his relationship with the king started

to unravel

Unable to secure a divorce for Henry

1529 – outlived his use to the king and charged

with praemunire

Cromwell

Self-made man

Son of a cloth maker

Served as a soldier in the French army

Learned accountancy and law

1516 – working for Wolsey

1523 – became an MP

When Wolsey fell from power, Cromwell recovered

quickly

1531 – member of Henry’s Council

Strong religious convictions

Cromwell had enemies at court

Reliant on Henry’s support

The marriage to Anne of Cleves was a mistake –

angered Henry

Henry’s relationship with his chief ministers

was dictated by his personality and style of rule

Wolsey’s successes

Organisational abilities

Allowed Henry to afford foreign war and then

play international peacemaker

New form of taxation – the subsidy

Allowed Henry to collect more taxation from his

subjects.

Attempted legal, social and economic reform

Prosecuted in Star Chamber local officials who

were accused of corruption

Used it at the court of Chancery to encourage

ordinary men to seek justice for their grievances

1517-18 launched a national enquiry to

investigate illegal enclosure

Wolsey’s failures

Personality and ambition led to criticism

He held multiple positions in the church

Used the profits from these positions to live a

grand lifestyle

Backlog in the Star Chamber

He used his position to prosecute personal feuds

Upset the landed gentry and nobility

Amicable grant

Wolsey and Henry VIII

As long as he fulfilled the king's wishes, he remained in power

Contemporary critics say that Wolsey only

prosecuted the nobility because he resented them for the power that they had in

their own right

Cromwell and parliament

By passing Acts of Parliament, the break from Rome was made legal under English law

Cromwell exploited the anti-clerical feeling in

parliament

1533- Act of restraint of appeals

Cromwell’s role in government and fall from

power

The dissolution of the monasteries caused a

massive rebellion

Fell from power because of the marriage to Anne

of Cleves

He had been protecting protestants accused of

heresy

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Finance and Law

What was the role of the Council?

Helped the monarch with the day-to-day running

of the country

It became increasingly formal and ‘professional’

The role of the Council under Henry VIII

40 members

Privy council

Without Cromwell’s planning

Originally was in response to the 1536 rebellion

when Henry needed advice

The role of the Council 1547-88

Dominated by the king’s protectors

Became an essential part of government

Changes to the Crown’s finances

Both Wolsey and Cromwell attempted to make crown

finances more secure

Crown had two main sources of income

‘ordinary revenue’ which came from the royal

lands and the monarch’s status as a landlord

‘extraordinary revenue’ which was usually

taxation granted by parliament for the monarch’s special needs, usually the

costs of war

Changes to royal finance under Henry VIII

Henry’s war against France cost about £1

million

Introduction of the subsidy

Amicable grant – Henry claimed to know nothing

about it

Four specialised financial courts to handle the

increased flow of money to the crown

Financial developments under Edward and Mary

Crown lands sold

Mary began

the end of debasement of coinage

Changes to the legal system by Wolsey and Cromwell

‘Special’ courts of equity – no legal precedent

or where circumstances surrounding the case made it difficult to get a fair

hearing

More flexible than the common law courts

Wolsey grew a

number of cases brought to the Star Chamber from 12 to 120 per year

Informações

Descrição: These are my notes I have taken from the textbook on monarchy and government - formats a bit dodgy as its copied from word
Criado por: Holly Dodds
Visualizações: 300
Tags: history tudors monarchy government as level henry viii edward vi mary i edexcel
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