Karteikarten
PMI02-2001 Microorganism structure and function
Karten in diesem Stapel (34)
- 14 classes of microorganisms?1. TSEs
2. Virus
3. Bacteria
4. Eukaryotic microbes eg. funghi/protozoa - 2What are TSEs? What are they caused by?Give an exampleMisfolded prion proteins
Contact with other misfolded proteins
Eg. Kuru, scrapie - 3Bacteria, Eukaryote, Virus: What cannot be seen in microscope? What isn't capable of free growth? What has genes seperated from cytoplasm by membrane? What has RNA?1. Virus
2. Virus+ some bacteria
3. Eukaryote
4. Virus - 4What are the two different ways nucleic acids are packaged in viruses?1. Icosahedral (12 faced)
2. Helical (helix) - 5The genome of virus contains ... OR ... in ... or ... strandsDNA, double
RNA, single - 6What are the two ways viruses can be packaged? Examples of each1. Naked, with only a protein coat (eg. bacteriophage, coronavirus)
2. Enveloped, with plasma membrane (eg. HIV, retrovirus) - 7Process of viral replication?1. Lands on host
2. Enters via fusion w membrane/translocation/endocytosed
3. Translation/transcription/reverse transcription/integration to replicate
4. Burst cell open - 8What shape is bacilli and give an example? What shape is cocci and give an example? What shape is spirochaetes and give an example? Does shape indicate relatedness?Rectangular, e. coli
Round, s. mutans
Squiggly, Lyme's disease
No - 9What does gram staining stain for? What features do gram negative bacteria have that positive don't?Peptidoglycan on gram positive bacteria
Outer membrane, LPS, lipoprotein, periplasmic space - 10What are ways to classify bacteria based on colony characteristics?1. Hemolytic activity
2. Surface texture
3. Colony morphology/size
4. Indicator dyes
5. Different nutrients - 11How does alpha hemolysis bacteria work?Locally breakdown cells
- 12How does beta hemolysis bacteria work?Strongest, secrete hemolytic cells to create visible zone
- 13How does gamma hemolysis bacteria work?Weakest, only breaks cells it touches
- 14What are two types of biochemical tests for classifying bacteria?1. Sugar fermentation profiles (eg. gas or acid producing)
2. Enzyme profiles (eg. coagulase) - 15How does typing based on antigenic structure work?It is based on the proteins on bacteria unique to its bacterium (since antibodies only bind to specific proteins)
Agglutination occurs as specific antibodies clump to the specific bacteria - 16What does serotyping use to classify bacteria?Each bacteria is its own serotype based on the proteins it has on its surface
Serotyping is performed with antisera (blood serum with antibodies in it) - 17What does phage typing use to classify bacteria?Using phage (bacterial viruses) to recognise specific surface proteins
- 18What is a phage/bacteriophage?A virus that replicates within bacteria/microorganisms
- 19What does genetic typing use to classify bacteria? What are the 4 ways?Using DNA sequence (CAN BE used for all pathogens)
1. Plasmids
2. Sequence and RFLP
3. Probes
4. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) - 20Plasmids are commonly used to distinguish between .... Smaller plasmids move ....Same species, different strain
Further from the baseline - 21How does RFLP work?Restriction endonucleases cut specific sequences into specific fragments to distinguish between DNA sequences
- 22what are 2 other ways to analyse bacterial types other than the ones mentioned?1. Antimicrobial sensitivity
2. Serum antibody (agglutination test in serum) - 23Do prokaryotes have internal membranes? What differs between prokaryote and eukaryote ribosomes?No
P=70s, E=80s - 24Features of fungi Is protozoa single or multi cellular?Single or multicellular
Digest food w extracellular enzymes
Can be dimorphic
Single - 25Give an example of a dimorphic funghi?Candida albicans can exist in yeast form or hyphae form
- 26Difference between yeasts and moulds? Example of eachYeast:
Usually single celled unless dimorphic (also grows as hyphae)
Eg. candida, cryptococcus
Moulds:
Grow as long hyphae only
eg. penicillium, aspergillus, fusarium - 27What is the fungal cell wall made of?Mannoproteins
Chitin
Glucans (B1,3 and B1,6 - 28Who came up with the germ theory of life, rabies/anthrax vaccine, and diseases of wine and beer?Louis Pasteur
- 29Who linked bacteria with disease, came up with postulates, and discovered tuberculosis/cholerae?Robert Koch
- 30What are Koch's postulates?1. The bacteria must be present in every case of the disease
2. Must be isolated from host and grown in pure culture
3. Disease must be reproduced when bacteria is inoculated in a healthy host - 31How do commensals benefit us?1. Competitive exclusion to prevent opprotunistic bacteria from infecting (eg. nutrient competition, pH balance, immune system)
2. Nutrient synthesis - 32What are opportunistic/pathobionts bacteria?Bacteria that can be commensal or pathogenic based on certain environmental factors
- 33The following lead to which opprotunistic bacteria: Antibiotics HIV Trauma1. Salmonella, C. difficile
2. TB, candida
3. S. aureus - 34What is the host parasite relationship?The state of the host determines whether the parasite causes disease
eg. E. coli O157 affects humans not cattle, and is obtained by eating beef
Informationen
- Beschreibung
- Distinguish between eukaryotes/ prokaryotes+ characterise microorganisms into bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa. basic structure of viruses, their method of replication and the characteristics used for classification. basic structure of bacteria and methods for bacterial identification and classification, including morphology and nucleic acid methods. basic structure of fungi and protozoa. Define normal flora, opportunist infections, and pathogeNESIS Role of host in pathogensis
- Erstellt von
- Evian Chai
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