Karteikarten
Research Methology
Karten in diesem Stapel (40)
- 1Influences of power, privilege, and position in planning and learning environments.Education represents a key function in the interactions concerning power and knowledge. Power is organized advantageously to progress specific developments. Education is a political undertaking, shaped by those in power. (Aldridge & Goldman , 2006)
- 2ApproachesBasic and Applied
- 3Basicmethod of gathering and evaluating data to acquire or improve theory, not to answer immediate concrete problems
- 4Examples of BasicThe early work of Skinner on reinforcement with birds, or Piaget on the cognitive development of his two children.
- 5AppliedApplies or measure theory to assess its effectiveness in discovering answers to current useful problems. Action research is an approach which is an applied research.
- 6MethodsQuallitative and Quanitative
- 7Qualitativebased predominantly on the gathering of descriptive data, which is then understood by integrating, grouping, and arranging it into patterns
- 8Kinds of qualitativeSurvey aka desriptive
collecting data (test and questionares) understand current issues or topics - 9more quualitativeEx: sample research
Relationship between study time and test performance on GRE - 10Quantitativegathering and investigation of numerical data to answer questions and test hypotheses
- 11Types of QuantitativeCorrelational
decide the extent a statistical relationship exist amongst tow or more variables, realted to single group of participants (High Correlation does not revelal cause and effect between variables - 12Example of QuanitativeIs there a relationship between study times and test performance on the GRE?
- 13Quanitative: Casual Comparisonaka ex-post factor research
investigates whether a cause-effect relationship exists between variables where the cause (independent variable) has already occurred. - 14Experimentalmininimizes effect of irrelevant variables. Allows reseachers to assume cause and effect statements of topic. Strongest results of all quanitative approach
- 15Experimental Example:Does the use of negative reinforcement in the form of a grade cause anxiety?
- 16Qualitative Methods Case studiespinpoint the features of a specific object, occurrence or individual. Related to with yielding conclusions about the quality, effectiveness, merit, or value of educational programs and products or practices.
- 17Example of case studyTo what degree does Schema High School utilize constructivism in their classrooms?
- 18Grounded Theorythe examination of various phases of data collection and interpretation. The stages allow for constant comparison analysis that results in narrowing the focus of the topic.
- 19Example of Grounded TheoryIs there an underlying theory of the link between teacher appearance and student evaluations?
- 20Action ResearchThis mostly qualitative, applied research approach aims at helping an educator or group of educators to change or improve a practice or to help them understand issues and problems for themselves.
- 21Example of Action ResearchHow can teachers reduce test anxiety?
- 22Ethnographymonitoring partakers in their natural occurring activities or setting over a period of time in order to obtain a deep understanding of their perspectives and context.
- 23Sample of EthnographyWhat are the cultural patterns and perspectives related to how parents view the link between class participation and academic achievement?
- 245. Historicalstudying and investigating and interpreting past events
- 25Example of HistoricalWhat trends developed in primary school reading instruction from 1910-1945?
- 26Content Analysisused in a variety of fields, to include Educational research.
- 27Content Analysis (Quantitative)analysis involves an unbiased, orderly, measureable description of the communication content
- 28Latent Contentdedicated to theoretical relationships among words and matching patterns.
- 29Characteristics Purpose Method/Reasoning Hypothesis Nature Design Interaction with Context Data collectionQuantitative Research
(aka. Empirical or Analytical)
To generalize about or control phenomena
Primarily Deductive: Specific predictions based on general observations, principles, or experiences
Identified prior to research, purpose of research is to test it
More narrowly focused and outcome oriented
Clear, well-ordered sequence of steps
Tries to eliminate the influence of contextual variables
Primarily numerical data gathered through paper-and-pencil, non-interactive instruments (can also include narrative data) - 30Characteristics Purpose Method/Reasoning Hypothesis Nature Design Interaction with Context Data collectionQualitative Research
(aka. Interpretive)
To provide in-depth descriptions of settings and people
Primarily Inductive: Generalization based on specific observations and experiences
Begins with guiding research questions, which will be refined during data collection and analysis
Holistic and process oriented
Flexible and changeable during research
Tries to capture the richness of the context of the subjects and their perspectives
Primarily narrative data, collected from fieldwork (can also include numerical data) - 31Ethical GuidelinesInformed Consent. Potential research participants must be provided with information that enables them to make an informed decision as to whether they want to participate in the research study.
- 32Ethical Guidelines cont'dInformed consent must be obtained from parents or guardians of minors.
- 33Ethical Continued2. Also, assent must be obtained from minors who are old enough or have enough intellectual capacity to say they are willing to participate. Assent means the minor agrees to participate after being informed of all the features of the study that could affect the participant’s willingness to participate.
- 34Deception1. If deception is used, debriefing should be used. Debriefing is a post study interview in which all aspects of the study are revealed, any reasons for deception are explained, and any questions the participant has about the study are answered.
- 35DebriefingDehoaxing — informing study participants about deception that was used and the reasons for its use.
Desensitizing — helping study participants deal with and eliminate any stress or other undesirable feelings that the study might have created - 36Freedom to Withdrawmust be informed that they are free to withdraw from the study at any time without penalty.
If you have a power relationship with the participants (e.g., if you are their teacher or employer) you must be extra careful to make sure that they really do feel free to withdraw. - 37Protection from Mental and Physical Harm-informed that they are free to withdraw from the study at any time without penalty. If you have a power relationship with the participants (e.g., if you are their teacher or employer) you must be extra careful to make sure that they really do feel free to withdraw.
- 38Protection from Mental and Physical Harmmost fundamental ethical issue confronting the researcher. Fortunately, much educational research poses minimal risk to participants (as compared, for example, to medical research).
- 39ConfidentialityConfidentiality is a basic requirement in all studies. It means that the researcher agrees not to reveal the identity of the participant to anyone other than the researcher and his or her staff.
- 40AnonymityBetter and stronger
not known by anyone in the study, including the researcher. An example would be where the researcher has a large group of people fill out a questionnaire but NOT write their names on it. In this way, the researcher ends up with data, but no names.