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Abnormal Psychology Chapter 3
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- 1Clinical Assessmentsystematic evaluation & measurement of psychological, biological, social factors in an individual presenting w/ a possible psychological disorder
- 2Diagnosis DSM Vprocess of determining whether particular problem afflicting individual meets all the criteria for psychological disorder
- 3reliabilityDegree to w/h a measurement is consistent.
- 4interrater reliability.- carefully designing assessment devices & conducting research to assure same answers
- 5test-retest reliability-testing and results are stable over time
- 6Validitywhether a technique or design measures what it is supposed to measure.
- 7concurrent/ descriptive validitycomparing results of one assessment w/ another
- 8predictive validityhow your assessment will predict future
- 9Standardizationa certain set of standards or norms is determined for a technique to make its use consistent across different measures: age, race, gender, socioeconomic status
- 105 Clinical assessment strategies and procedures1) clinical interview 2) mental status exam 3) physical examination 4) Bhav observation 5) psychological testing
- 11clinical interviewgathers past and current Bhav, attitudes, emotions, detailed history of individuals llife, interpersonal history, upbringing, educational history
- 12Mental status examsystematic observation of somebody else's Bhav, inorder to gain psychological disorder
- 135 Mental status exam steps1. Appearance & Bhav 2. Thought processes, delusions, hallucinations 3. Mood & affect, depression 4. Intellectual functioning 5. Sensorium, general awareness of surroundings
- 14Unstructured interviewsfollow no systematic format for interview
- 15Semi structured interviewmade up of questions that have been carefully phrased and tested to eleict useful information in a consistent manner to gain important info.
- 16persistence distresshow often a thought or Bhav occurs and how much distress it causes
- 17resistancetypes of attempts patient makes to get rid of obsession
- 18physical examinationability to see toxic state could be caused by bad food, type of medicine through Bhav, cognition, mood
- 19Behavioral assessmentuses direct observation to assess formally an individual's thoughts, feelings, Bhav in specific situations or contexts, info gathered explains disorder
- 20target Bhavidentified & observed w/ goal of determining factors that seem to influence those Bhav.
- 21ABCs of Observation1) antecedents 2) Bhav 3) Consequences
- 22formal observationinvolves identifying specific Bhav that are observable & measurable (operational definition)
- 23self-monitoring/ observationobserving one's own Bhav to find patterns
- 24Bhav rating scalesused as assessment tools b4 treatment and periodically during treatment to assess changes in persons Bhav
- 25reactivitycan distort any observation data, since ppl change their activity while being watched
- 26projective testsmethods in w/h ambiguous stimuli such as pictures & inferring what they mean to person
- 27Comprehensive systemhow the rorschach test should be presented to create validity, reliability
- 28Thematic Apperception Test TATconsists of 31 cards, 30 pictures, one blank, only 20 are used, create dramatic story
- 29personality inventoriesMMPI, true or false, easy to administer, L-lie scale, F-Infrequency scale, K-Defensiveness scale
- 30MMPI-2does not take into account composition of general population
- 31PCL-R, Revised Psychopathy Checklist- constellation of Bhav and characteristics that some refer to psychopathy, created by Robert Hare
- 32intelligence quotientcalculating intelligence through using mental age
- 33deviation IDdeviation score is tested against others at the same age.
- 343 verbal scales and performance scales1) WAIS-III 2) WISC-III 3) WPPSI-RI
- 35Neuropsychological testingSophisticated tests developed to pinpoint locations of brain dysfunction
- 36Bender Visual Motor Gestalt testin children asked to draw cards that are shown in order to see how many mistakes are made, if to many implies dysfunction, screen instrument
- 374 Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery1) Rhythm test 2)strength of grip test 3) tactile performance test 4) determines precise location of damage
- 38false positiveneuropsychological test, assessment error in w/h no pathology is reported when none is actually present
- 39false negativeneuropsychological test, assessment error in w/h no pathology is noted when it is actually present
- 40neuroimagingability to look inside brain through technology
- 41SPECT - single photon emission computed tomographytracer substance is less accurate then PET
- 42psychological assessmentmeasurable changes in Nervous system that reflects emotional and psychological events
- 43EEG - electroencephalogrammeasures electrical activity in the brain w/ electrodes
- 44ERP- event related potential, evoked potentialmeaning stimuli
- 45alpha waveshealthy relaxed brain patterns
- 46delta wavesslower, more irregular waves, deepest relaxed stage of sleep
- 47electrodermal respondingskin conductance, galvanic skin response - GSR, measures seat gland controlled by peripheral NS
- 48classificationvery board, any effort to construct groups or categories & to assign objects or ppl to these categories on basis of their shared attributed & relations
- 49taxonomyclassification of entities for scientific purposes
- 50nosologytaxonomic system to psychological or medical phenomena or clinical areas
- 51nomenclaturenames or labels of disorders that make up nosology
- 52ICD-10International classification of Diseases and Health Related Problems, by WHO
- 53classical categorical approach Emil Kraepelinstudy of psychopathology, clear underlining cause for disorders
- 54dimensional approachvariety of cognition, moods, Bhav w/ w/h patient presents and quantify them on a scale
- 55prototypical approachsystem for categorizing disorders using both essential, defining characteristics & a range of variation on other characteristics
- 56three different approaches need...1) validity
2) reliability - 57criterion validityoutcome is the criterion by w/h we judge usefulness of category
- 585 Diagnoses b4 19801) great observations 2) 1959 had 9 systems of classification 3) Kraepelin believed there was biological basis for all dysfunction 4) 1948 WHO added mental health disorders to ICD 5) many diff systems in diff. countries
- 59DSM-III 1980 3 major changes1) atheoretical approach to diagnosis 2) specificity & detail w/ w/h criteria for IDing a disorder were listed from reliability & validity 3) allowed individuals w/ possible psychological disorders to be rated in 5 dimensions
- 60multiaxial systemallowed clinician to gather info about functioning in a number of areas rather then limiting
- 613 DSM IV, 19941) all changes made based on sound scientific data 2) compatible w/ ICD 3) distinction b/w organically based disorders and psychological based disorders
- 62DSM IV, 5 AxisI. anxiety disorder II. Personality disorder III. identifiable medical condition IV. psychosocial, environmental problems V. current functioning status 1-100
- 633 DSM IV cultural add ons1) is person are of current culture 2) does client use culturally accurate terms to describe condition 3) how does the person define disability, disorder, sickness
- 64Comorbiditypresence of two or more disorders in one individual
- 653 DSM IV criticisms1) emphasizing reliability over validity 2) focusing on old definitions over new scientific knowledge 3) complexity of categories and new information
- 66labellingapplying a name to a phenomenon or a pattern of Bha., can acquire negative connotation or be applied erroneously to person rather than Bhav
- 67primary care settingoffices, clinics, hospitals
- 68disability paymentsCPP- Canada Pension Plan for Canadians w/ disability
- 69medico-legal systempeople who qualify under disorders, can get government or private insurance companies to pay financial reimbursement or disability payments
- 70Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD)bias, stigmatization: women who have severe emotional reactions in late luteal phase of menstrual cycle
- 712 Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) criticisms1) little scientific evidence to support 2) stigmatization against women
- 723 PMS stats1) occurs in 20-40% of women 2) 4.6% experience severe symptoms 3) symptoms occur at different types for women
- 733 worldwide study of PMS1) 5-8% of women severe symptoms 2) 14-18% moderate symptoms 3) PMDD is most likely seen as a mood disorder and not a endocrine system dysfunction
- 74DSM V 3 changes1) delete disorders from appendix 2) promote it to main manual 3) retain in appendix
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- Abnormal Psychology: Integrative Approach 3rd Canadian Edition Barlow Grant MacEwan University
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