Karteikarten

Glossary

ntokozoyende ESS International Baccalaureate Englisch 85 Karten

Karten in diesem Stapel (85)

1Abiotic factorNon-living physical factor that may influence an organism or ecosystem. eg. temperature, pH, salinity, precipitation, sunlight
2Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)A measure of the amount of oxygen required to breakdown the organic material in a given volume of water through aerobic biological activity
3BiodegradableCapable of being broken down by natural biological processes. eg. activities of decomposer organisms
4BiodiversityThe amount of biological or living material diversity per unit area. It includes species, habitats and genetic diversity.
5BiomassThe mass of organic material in organisms or ecosystems usually per unit area
6Dry weight biomassMass is measured after the removal of water. (Water is not a organic material and inorganic material is usually relatively insignificant in terms of mass)
7BiomeCollection of ecosystems sharing similar climatic conditions. eg. tundra, tropical rainforest and desert
8BiosphereThe part of the earth inhabited by organisms. (Narrow zone where plants and animals exist and extends to the upper part of the atmosphere where birds, insects and windblown pollen exist down to the deepest part of the earths crust which living organisms venture)
9Biotic factorA living, biological factor that may influence an organism or ecosystem. (predation, parasitism, disease, competition)
10Carrying capacityThe maximum number of species or 'load' that can be sustainably supported by a given environment
11Climax communityA community of organisms that is more or less stable, and that is in equilibrium with natural environmental conditions such as climate; end point of ecological succession.
12CommunityA group of populations living and interacting with each other in a common habitat
13CompetitionA common demand by two or more organisms upon a limited supply of a resource. eg. food, water, light, space, mates, nesting sites. It can be both interspecific and intraspecific
14CorrelationA measure of the association between two variables. Positive (move up and down together) vs. negative (move in opposite directions)
15Crude birth rateNumber of births per thousand individuals in a population per year.
16Crude death rateNumber of deaths per thousand individuals in a population per year.
17Demographic transition modelGeneral model of describing the changing levels if fertility and mortality in a human population over time. (Shows transition through processes of industrialisation and urbanisation)
18DiversityGenetic term for heterogeneity. (different)
19Genetic diversityThe range of genetic material present in a gene pool or population of a species.
20Habitat diversityThe range of different habitats or number of ecological niches per unit area in an ecosystem, community or biome. (Conservation of habitat usually leads to the conservation of species and genetic diversity)
21Diversity indexA numerical measure of diversity that is derived from both the number of species present and their relative abundance.
22Species diversityThe variety of species per unit area. It includes both the number of species present and their relative abundance.
23Doubling timeThe number of years it would take a population to double its size at its current growth rate. Doubling time= (70/natural increase rate)
24Ecological footprintThe area of land required to support a defined human population at a given standard of living. It takes into account the area required to: a. provide all the resources needed by the population b. the assimilation of all wastes
25EcosystemA community of interdependent organisms and the physical environment they inhabit
26EntropyA measure of the amount of disorder, chaos, or randomness in a system; the greater that disorder, the higher the level of entropy
27Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)A method of detailed survey required, in many countries, before a major development.
1. Independent of, but paid for by, the developer
2. Includes a baseline study in order to: a. measure the environmental conditions before the development commences and b. identify areas and species of conservation importance
3. Report also known as Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) or environmental management review
4. Monitoring continues for some time after the development
28EquilibriumA state of balance among the components of a system
29EutrophicationThe natural or artificial enrichment of a body of water, particularly with respect to NITRATES and PHOSPHATES, that results in the depletion of the oxygen content of water. Eutrophication is accelerated by human activities that add detergents, sewage or agricultural fertilizers to bodies of water.
30EvolutionThe cumulative, gradual change in the genetic characteristic of successive generations of a species or race of an organism, ultimately giving rise to species or races different from the common ancestor. It reflects the changes in the genetic composition of a population over time.
31FeedbackThe return part of the output from a system as input so as to affect succeeding outputs
32Negative feedbackFeedback that tends to damp down, neutralize or counteract any deviation from an equilibrium.
33Positive feedbackFeedback that amplifies or increase changes; it leads to exponential deviation away from an equilibrium.
34FertilityPotential for reproduction exhibited in a population. Measurement: a. Fertility rate: Number of births per thousand women of childbearing age. b. Total fertility: Average number of children a woman has in her lifetime
35GaiaGaia hypothesis: compares the earth to a living organism in which feedback mechanisms maintain equilibrium
36Global warmingAn increase in average temperature of the Earths atmosphere
37Gross National Product (GNP)The current value of all goods and services produced in a country per year
38Greenhouse gasesThe atmospheric gases which absorb infrared radiation, causing world temperatures to be warmer than they would other wise be. (Radiation trapping)
39HabitatThe environment in which normal species normally live.
40Halogenated organic gasesStratospheric Ozone layer depleting substances. (Halocarbons/ potent gases) eg. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
41IsolationThe process by which two populations become separated by geography, behaviour, genetic or reproductive factors. (If Gene flow between two subpopulations is prevented, new species may evolve)
42K-strategist1. Small number of offspring
2. Increase survival rate
3. Adapted to live in long term climax communities
43LatitudeThe angular distance from the equator as measured from the centre of the earth (usually in degrees)
44ELDCEconomically Less Developed Country
45EMDCEconomically More Developed Country
46ModelSimplified description designed to show the structure or workings of an object, system or concept.
47MutualismA relationship between individuals of two or more species in which all benefit and none suffer.
48Natural CapitalA term sometimes used by economists for natural resources that, if appropriately managed, can produce a 'natural income' of goods and services. eg. Forest: providing continuing natural income of timber, game, water and recreation.
49Renewable natural capitalNatural resources that cannot be replenished within a timescale of the same order as that which they are taken from the environment and used for example, fossil fuels
50Replenishable natural capitalNon-living natural resources that have a sustainable yield or harvest equal or less than their natural productivity eg. food crops, timber
51Natural increase rate(CBR-CDR)/10
52NicheA species' share of a habitat and the resources in it. An organism's ecological niche depends not only on where it lives but also what it does.
53ParasitismA relationship between two species in which one specie (the parasite) lives in or on another (the host), gaining all or much (in the case of a partial parasite) of its food from. eg. mosquito
54Plate tectonicsThe movement of the eight major and several minor internally rigid plates of the Earth's lithosphere in relation to the other and to the partially mobile atmosphere below.
55PollutionThe addition to an environment of a substance or an agent (such as heat) by human activity, at a rate greater than that at which it can be rendered harmless by the environment, and which has an appreciable effect on the organisms within it.
56Non-point source pollutionThe release of pollutants from numerous, widely dispersed origins. eg. gases from the exhaust systems of vehicles.
57Point source pollutionThe release of pollutants from a single, clearly identifiable site. eg. a factory chimney or waste disposal pipe of a factory into a river.
58PopulationA group of organisms of the same species living in the same area at the same time, and which are capable of interbreeding.
59Gross ProductivityThe total gain of energy or biomass per unit area per unit time, which could be through photosynthesis in primary producers or absorption in consumers.
60Gross primary productivityThe total gain in energy or biomass per unit area per time fixed by photosynthesis in green plants.
61Gross secondary productivityThe total gain by consumers in energy or biomass per unit area per unit time through absorption
62Net productivity (NP)The gain in energy or biomass per unit area per unit time remaining after allowing for respiratory loss (R). (Ignore other metabolic losses)
63Net primary productivityThe gain of producers in energy or biomass per unit area per unit time remaining after allowing for respiratory losses (R). This is potentially available to consumers in an ecosystem.
64Net secondary productivity (NSP)The gain by consumers in energy or biomass per unit area per unit time remaining after respiratory losses. (R)
65Primary productivityThe gain by consumers in energy or biomass per unit area per time. (Could be either gross/net)
66Secondary productivityThe biomass gained by heterotrophic organism, through feeding and absorption, measured in units of mass or energy per unit area per unit time.
67R-strategistSpecies that tend to spread their reproductive investment among a large number of offspring so that they are well adapted to colonise new habitats rapidly and make opportunistic use of short-lived resources.
68SereThe set of communities that succeed one another over the course of succession at a given location.
69Smog(smoke+fog) It is the term used for any haziness in the atmosphere caused by air pollutants.
70Photochemical SmogSmog that is produced through the effect of ultraviolet light on the products of internal combustion engines. It may contain ozone and is damaging to the human respiratory system and eyes.
71SocietyAn arbitrary group of individuals who share some common characteristic such geographical location, cultural background, historical timeframe, religious perspective, value system and so on.
72SoilA mixture of mineral particles and organic material that covers the land and in which terrestrial plants grow.
73Soil profileA vertical section through soil, from the surface down to the parent material, revealing the soil layers or horizons.
74SpeciationThe process through which new species form.
75SpeciesA group of organisms that interbred and produce fertile offspring.
76Stable equilibriumThe condition of a system in which there is a tendency for it to return to the previous equilibrium condition following disturbance.
77Steady-state equilibriumThe condition of an open system which there are no changes over the longer term, but in which they may be oscillations in the very short term. They are continuing inputs and outputs of matter and energy, but the system as a whole remains in a more or less constant state (climax ecosystem).
78SuccessionThe orderly process of change over time in a community. Changes in the community of organisms frequently cause changes in the physical environment that allow another community to become established and replace a former through competition. Often, but not inevitably, the later communities such as a sequence or sere are more complex than those that appear earlier.
79SustainabilityUse of global resources at a rate that allows natural regeneration and minimizes damage to the environment. eg. systems harvesting renewable resources at a rate that will be replaced by natural growth
80SystemAn assemblage of parts and the relationships between them, which together constitute an entity or whole.
81Closed systemA system in which energy, but not matter, is exchanged with its surroundings.
82Isolated systemA system that exchanges neither matter nor energy with is surroundings.
83Open systemA system that exchanges both matter and energy with its surroundings. eg. natural ecosystems
84Trophic levelThe position that an organism occupies in a food chain, or a group of organisms in a community that occupy the same position in food chains.
85ZonationThe arrangement or patterning of plant communities or ecosystems into parallel or sub-parallel bands in response to change, over a distance, in some environmental factor. eg. The main biomes display zonation in relation to latitude and climate and plant communities display zonation with altitude on a mountain, or around the edge of a pond in relation to soil moisture.

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Beschreibung: International Baccalaureate ESS Karteikarten am Glossary, erstellt von ntokozoyende am 11/04/2014.
Erstellt von: ntokozoyende
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