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- 1Outline a piece of research that suggests language development begins in the wombFitzpatrick (unborn babies heartbeat increases when it hears mothers voice)
Decasper and Spence (1986) babies suck their dummies faster when read the same story they'd been read in the last sixth months of pregnancy - 2When does the cooing stage usually startSix-eight weeks old
- 3What is it called when babies create repeated vowel/consonant combinationsbabbling
- 4What evidence is there to suggest babbling is the beginning of speech?Because deaf babies will babble with their hands, creating vowel and consonant gestures, this implies it is an innate activity which is pre-programmed to happen in the process of language development
- 5What are proto-wordsSounds that are not actual words, but are used to carry meaning.
it is not a word, but it acts like one - 6What phonemes do children usually produce last?/th/ sounds like in "thought" and fricatives like /v/ /ch/ and /j/
- 7Outline the three different kinds of simplificationDeletion: Sometimes a child drops a consonant altogether, particularly at the end of a word. E.G Ca instead of Cat
Substitution: Instead of dropping a consonant, they'll replace it with something easier to pronounce
Cluster reduction: Where there are consonant clusters, they may drop one of them
E.G. geen instead of green - 8What is the fis phenomenon and what does it suggest about how children develop languageBerko and Brown:
A child referred to fis, but if you called it "fis" they would say no "fis" but if you said "fish" they would agree with you.
So this suggests children can understand more words than they can pronounce - 9What is meant by assimilation in the context of language acquisition.When one consonant is changed because of the influence of another in the same word. E.G. tub becomes bub because of the b
- 10What are Halliday's seven functions of languageInstrumental: to get something
Regulatory: to make requests or give orders
Interactional: to relate to others
Personal: to convey a sense of personal identity and to express views/feelings
Heuristic: to find out about the immediate environment
Imaginative: To be creative through language
Representational: to convey information - 11What five categories did nelson put first words into?Classes of objects -- dog, shoe, ball, car
Specific objects -- mummy, daddy
Actions/events -- give, stop, go, up
Modifying/things -- dirty, nice, allgone
personal/social -- hi, bye-bye, yes, no - 12What is overextensionWhen a child uses a word to use a word to refer to several different but related things.
E.G. using the word cat, to refer to all small animals with four legs - 13What are holophrases?Single words that express full ideas
Single word sentances - 14What are three common grammatical combinations that you find in the two word stage.Any from
Subject+verb -- baby crying
verb + object -- catch ball
subject + object -- daddy dinner
subject + compliment -- dolly dirty - 15What happens in the telegraphic stageChildren start to use three or four word combinations
- 16In what order are inflections acquireding,
plural s,
possessive s.
article (a, the)
past tense -ed
Third person singular verb ending -s
auxilary b - 17What are Cruttenden's (1979) three stages in the acquisition of inflectionsInconsistent use
Consisten use, but sometimes misplaced
Consistent usage - 18What is Berko's wug test and what does it suggest.Children were shown an animal and told it was a wug.
They were then shown two. 3-4 year olds said there were two wugs.
this suggests children learn grammar rules. - 19What is Skinner's (1957) imitation theorylanguage is acquired through imitation and reinforcement
they repeat what they hear
and caregivers reward this with praise - 20What did Chomsky (1965) argue?A childs ability to acquire language is innate.
Every child has a Language acquisition device, which allows them to learn and use the grammatical rules of where they live - 21What is Piaget's cognitive approach?A child needs to develop certain mental abilities before they can process certain aspects of language.
1) at first children can't mentally process the idea that something can exist outside their immediate
children later develop the ability to understand non-diectic speech
and abstract concepts - 22Outline Vygotsky's socio-cultural theory of language developmentSocial interactions and social contexts are important for language development.
- 23What are two significant factors that Vygotsky identified in reference to language acquisition1) private speech, when a child talks aloud to itself, it shows mental development, the child is thinking to itself
2)The ZPD, when i child asks for a caregivers help in order to interact.
Then the child applies this to future situations in the future. - 24List 3 features of Child directed speech or CDSsimplified sentence structure
Proper nouns are often used instead of pronouns
Present tense is used more than past tense - 25How do conversations between children and their caregivers change as children get older?As children get older their use of lexis and grammar increases, so they're able to have more complex conversations.
- 26What is the phonics approach to learning to read?It involves looking at letters and letter combinations in terms of sounds.
for example cow is separated into /c/ and /ow/
It means children can sound out unfamiliar words - 27What is the "look and say approach" or the "whole word approach"It revolves around recognising whole words and breaking them down into separate phonemes.
It focuses on the meaning of words, and teaches children to recognise common words. - 28What is the Psycholinguistics approach.The approach sees reading as a natural development.
When a child sees an unfamiliar word, they are encouraged to work out the word by looking at the rest of the sentence and illustrations. - 29How to reading skills develop as children get older?They become familiar with a wider range of texts
They read to learn
They are able to use more complex and varied texts to find information
They learn to read for different reasons. - 30How to scribbling and drawing help children prepare for writingThey learn the skill of holding a pen/cil and become familiar with shapes
- 31Name two factors that can affect how quickly a child learns to write.1) how much practice they get
2) the child's intelligence - 32What is emergent writing?An attempt to write letters
- 33According to Barclay (1996) what happens in the sixth stage of learning to writeSentences become more complex as the child becomes more aware of standard spelling patterns.
Writing becomes more legible - 34According to Kroll (1996) what happens in the consolidation stageChildren write in the same way they speak
They use lots of colloquialisms
They use short declarative statements
They won't yet be sure how to finish off a sentence - 35According to Kroll at what stage do children develop a personal writing style?The integration stage
- 36What is neologism?A new word created using coinage
- 37What is affixation?When a pre/suffix is added onto an existing word. To create a new word.
E.G Hyper --> Hyperactive - 38What is amelioration?When a word develops a more positive meaning
E.G mean - 39What is pejoration?When a word develops a more negative meaning
- 40What is Weakening?When a words has less of an impact than it used to.
- 41How do metaphor, metonymy and euphemism contribute to semantic change?They give new meanings to old words.
- 42How has word order changed since the 1700's?It changed from verb-subject-object
to
Auxiliary-subject-verb-object - 43How has grammar changed since 1900?Double negatives have become less common
Contractions have gone in and out of fashion
syntax used to be more complex
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- a levels English Language Karteikarten am Ohne Titel, erstellt von matthewking422 am 29/05/2014.
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